COLOR TERMS OF THE GLOBE

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  1. INDEX OF 000 SPOKEN LANGUAGES
  2. 0000 COLOR TERMS
  3. A COLOR TERM IS A WORD OR PHRASE THAT REFERS TO A SPECIFIC COLOR
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11

Abaza

квайчӀва
шкӀвакӀва
къапщы
гӀвашь
йачӀва
йчӀыхву
гӀвабджя
къапщыра
чӀыхв
чвапщ
гӀвабджя

Native to

Russia

Most spoken in

Russia, Turkey

Native speakers

47,000

UNESCO Status

Definitely Endangered

The Abaza language, originating from the Caucasus region, is intriguing in its phonetic richness and complex consonantal system, distinguishing it from many other languages. Historically, its development was greatly influenced by Arabic, due to religious conversions to Islam. The Abaza culture doesn't have specific color associations, but traditional Abaza attire tends to be brightly colored.

9

Abenaki

mkazawi
wôbi
mkui
wizôwi
askaskui
wlôwi
wdamôôbame
minôbowi
wibgui

Native to

United States, Canada

Most spoken in

United States, Canada

Native speakers

20

UNESCO Status

Critically Endangered

An Algonquian language, Abenaki originates from northeastern North America. Its evolution was significantly impacted by the encroachment of European settlers. The use of colors in Abenaki culture is generally associated with the natural world, such as the colors of the seasons, reflecting their close relationship with nature.

6

Acehnese

braʔa
iǰu
pirã
iǰu
prãna
prãna

Native to

Indonesia

Most spoken in

Indonesia

Native speakers

3,363,000

UNESCO Status

Definitely Endangered

Spoken in Sumatra, Acehnese is influenced by Sanskrit, Arabic, Persian, Portuguese, Dutch, and English due to historical trading and colonial impact. Acehnese people traditionally attach significance to colors; however, the details might vary across communities.

6

Achuar-Shiwiar

šuwín
puhu
kapántin
yaŋkú
samék
wiŋkiá

Native to

Ecuador, Peru

Most spoken in

Ecuador, Peru

Native speakers

4,000

UNESCO Status

Definitely Endangered

This Amazonian language from Ecuador and Peru has evolved largely in isolation, reflecting the Achuar people's deep connection with the rainforest environment. Color symbolism often corresponds with natural elements and spiritual beliefs.

6

Achumawi

hookíci
tiwici
taxtaxi
makmaki
misuqadi
samtal

Native to

United States

Most spoken in

United States

Native speakers

10

UNESCO Status

Critically Endangered

An almost extinct language, Achumawi is indigenous to California. Its evolution was disrupted by the arrival of European settlers. The importance of colors in Achumawi culture is closely tied to natural elements, like many other Native American cultures.

11

Adai

hatáwa
testága
pecásæt
nístæk
nayétsa
astónga
asikápœt
nistœpecásæt
pecasœstónga
yolkœpecásæt
asiséwot

Native to

United States

Most spoken in

United States

Native speakers

0

UNESCO Status

Extinct

Adai is a nearly extinct language from the Caddoan family, native to Louisiana and Texas. The influence of colors in Adai culture is not well-documented, but they, like many native tribes, used natural pigments for symbolic decoration.

11

Adyghe

шӀуцӀэ
фыжьы
плъыжьы
гъожьы
уцышъо
шхъуантӀэ
хьаплъы
гъожьы- шэплъ
шхъуантӀэ
шэплъы
ежьашъо,

Native to

Russia

Most spoken in

Russia

Native speakers

128,000

UNESCO Status

Definitely Endangered

A Northwest Caucasian language, Adyghe has a complex phonetic system and an interesting array of consonant sounds. The Adyghe people, like many Caucasian groups, traditionally wore vibrant colors in their clothing, with color choices potentially communicating social roles or personal attributes.

11

Afrikaans

swart
blank
rooi
geel
groen
blou
bruin
oranje
purper
pienk
grys

Native to

South Africa, Namibia

Most spoken in

South Africa, Namibia, Botswana

Native speakers

7,200,000

UNESCO Status

Safe

Evolving from Dutch, Afrikaans is one of South Africa's 11 official languages. Its development was influenced by indigenous African languages, as well as Portuguese and Malay. In Afrikaans culture, color symbolism may vary but often parallels general Western color associations.

6

Aguaruna

bukúsea
čamig
kapantu
yagkú
samékbau
wigka

Native to

Peru

Most spoken in

Peru

Native speakers

58,900

UNESCO Status

Definitely Endangered

Aguaruna is an indigenous language of Peru. Its evolution remains closely tied to the Amazon Rainforest, where Aguaruna speakers live. Colors in Aguaruna culture are often associated with natural elements and spiritual beliefs.

10

Akan

tuntum
fufuo/fitaa
k¡k¡¡
akok¡srade¢
ahabammono
bibire
dodoe¢
beredum
memen
nsonso

Native to

Ghana

Most spoken in

Ghana

Native speakers

9,100,000

UNESCO Status

Definitely Endangered

Akan, a Central Tano language spoken in Ghana, weaves intricate narratives with colors, inspired by their rich traditions, societal norms, and the West African landscape.

9

Akhvakh

бачӀидабе
дашидабе
гьиридабе
тӀигьолӀи
жомолӀибе
хвашуралӀи
хӀарилӀикьерели
щакъилӀикьерёлӀи
зих̄адабе

Native to

North Caucasus, Azerbaijan

Most spoken in

Russia

Native speakers

6,800

UNESCO Status

Definitely Endangered

Akhvakh, a Northeast Caucasian language, is known for its complex grammar. Its evolution was heavily influenced by neighboring languages and cultures. Colors in traditional Akhvakh culture may carry social and religious significance.

11

Albanian

zi
bardhë
kuq
verdhë
gjelbër
kaltër
kaftë
portokalltë
vjollcë
pembë
hirtë

Native to

Albania, Kosovo, North Macedonia

Most spoken in

Albania, Kosovo, North Macedonia

Native speakers

6,000,000

UNESCO Status

Safe

Originating from the Balkan Peninsula, Albanian has Latin, Greek, Turkish, and Slavic influences. Traditional Albanian culture has diverse color symbolism, often connected with nature, social status, and folklore.

6

Aleut

qaxchikdax̂
quhmax̂
uluudakux̂
chumnugix̂
chidĝaayux̂
chidĝix̂

Native to

United States, Russia

Most spoken in

United States, Russia

Native speakers

150

UNESCO Status

Critically Endangered

Aleut is an Eskimo-Aleut language spoken in the Aleutian Islands and Pribilof Islands. Colors in Aleut culture often correlate with natural elements, underscoring their deep connection with the sea and land.

8

Alibamu

locha
hatka
homma
laana
okchakko
okchakko
laana
istokhatka

Native to

United States

Most spoken in

United States

Native speakers

100

UNESCO Status

Critically Endangered

Alibamu is a Muskogean language of the American Southeast. Influenced by interaction with European settlers, Alibamu holds color symbolism that is linked to nature and spiritual beliefs.

5

Amarakaeri

wasik
waˀereg
wabed
waey
wabura

Native to

Peru

Most spoken in

Peru

Native speakers

1,500

UNESCO Status

Critically Endangered

An indigenous language from Peru, Amarakaeri is heavily influenced by the Amazonian environment. Traditional Amarakaeri color symbolism often ties with natural elements and spiritual practices.

11

Amharic

ጥቁር
ነጭ
ቀይ
ቢጫ
አርንጓዴ
ሰማያዊ
ቡና አይነት
ብርቱካን አይነት
ሐምራዊ
ሮዝ
ግራጫ

Native to

Ethiopia

Most spoken in

Ethiopia

Native speakers

21,811,600

UNESCO Status

Safe

Amharic, the official language of Ethiopia, has its roots in the Semitic language family. Amharic culture often associates colors with historical, religious, or natural elements.

6

Andic

beč̣edir
hac̣a
hiri
čakːu
ḳodoḷiboso
xoči

Native to

North Caucasus

Most spoken in

Russia

Native speakers

5,800

UNESCO Status

Definitely Endangered

The Andic languages, from the Northeast Caucasian family, are influenced by neighboring languages in the Dagestan region. Color symbolism in Andic culture likely reflects social customs and natural surroundings.

11

Arabic

أسود
أبيض
أحمر
أصفر
أخضر
أزرق
بنّي
برتقالي
بنفسجيّ
وردي - زهريّ
رمادي

Native to

Arab League countries

Most spoken in

Arab League countries

Native speakers

310,000,000

UNESCO Status

Safe

With its roots in the Arabian Peninsula, Arabic has spread globally and significantly influenced many other languages. Colors in Arabic culture can have various symbolic meanings, often related to Islamic traditions and the natural environment.

12

Armenian

սէւ
սպիտակ
կարմիր
դեղին
կանաչ
կապույտ
երկնագույն
դարչնագույն
նարինջագույն
ալ կարմիր
վարդագույն
մոխրագույն

Native to

Armenia

Most spoken in

Armenia, Russia, Georgia

Native speakers

6,700,000

UNESCO Status

Safe

Armenian, an Indo-European language, has its own unique script and a rich history influenced by Persia, Greece, and Russia. Colors in Armenian culture may have symbolic significance, often related to the country's natural beauty and historical events.

7

Aromanian

negru
albu
aroş
galbin
vearde
murnu
cafiringhie

Native to

Romania, North Macedonia, Greece

Most spoken in

Romania, North Macedonia, Greece

Native speakers

300,000

UNESCO Status

Definitely Endangered

Aromanian, a Romance language, has been heavily influenced by Greek and Balkan Slavic languages due to its geographic distribution. Color symbolism in Aromanian culture can be linked with historical events, folklore, and the natural world.

6

Ashaninka

poʦitari
kitamarori
poʦonaitaki
kiteriri
kenaši
kisari

Native to

Peru, Brazil

Most spoken in

Peru, Brazil

Native speakers

44,000

UNESCO Status

Definitely Endangered

An Arawakan language from the Peruvian Amazon, Ashaninka reflects the traditional culture deeply intertwined with the rainforest environment. Colors often have symbolic meanings related to natural elements and spiritual beliefs.

11

Assamese

ক’লা
বগা
ৰঙা
হালধীয়া
সেউজীয়া
নীলা
মটীয়া
কমলা
বেঙুনীয়া
গুলপীয়া
ধোঁৱাবৰণীয়া

Native to

India, Bangladesh

Most spoken in

India, Bangladesh

Native speakers

16,597,000

UNESCO Status

Safe

An Indo-Aryan language from the Indian subcontinent, Assamese evolved with influences from Sanskrit and local Tibeto-Burman languages. Colors in Assamese culture often carry symbolic meanings, with red, for instance, signifying purity and love.

11

Asturian

prietu
blancu
bermeyu
mariellu
verde
azul
marrón
naranxa
purple
rosa
buxu

Native to

Spain

Most spoken in

Spain

Native speakers

80,000

UNESCO Status

Definitely Endangered

A Romance language from Spain, Asturian was heavily influenced by Latin and later by Arabic and French. In Asturian culture, colors might have meanings tied to historical events, local traditions, and the natural landscape.

6

Atayal

makálux
malávuʔ
matanah
magasúluʔ
magaẓáguʔ
magaẓáguʔ

Native to

Taiwan

Most spoken in

Taiwan

Native speakers

85,000

UNESCO Status

Critically Endangered

An Austronesian language native to Taiwan, Atayal evolved in relative isolation on the island. Color symbolism in Atayal culture typically corresponds with the natural environment and animistic beliefs.

6

Aukan

baaka
weti
lebi
donu
guun
baaw

Native to

Suriname

Most spoken in

Suriname

Native speakers

15,000

UNESCO Status

Definitely Endangered

A Maroon Creole language of Suriname, Aukan was influenced by West African languages and Dutch. Traditional Aukan culture might associate colors with historical narratives, spirituality, and the natural world.

6

Awakatek

q̣eq
saq
kyaq
q̣an
č̣aʔs
č̣aʔs

Native to

Guatemala

Most spoken in

Guatemala

Native speakers

10,000

UNESCO Status

Definitely Endangered

Awakatek, a Mayan language from Guatemala, has a rich history shaped by the Maya civilization's ancient roots. Colors often carry strong cultural significance, potentially tied to the four cardinal directions in traditional Mayan cosmology.

11

Aymara

čˀiyara
xanḳˀu
čupika
ḳˀilʸu
čˀuχɲa
larama
ch'umpi
churi
kulli
anti
ch'ixi

Native to

Bolivia, Peru, Chile

Most spoken in

Bolivia, Peru, Chile

Native speakers

2,400,000

UNESCO Status

Definitely Endangered

An indigenous language of the Andes, Aymara evolved in high-altitude environments. Colors in Aymara culture can carry symbolic meanings, often tied to the natural elements and Inca cosmology.

6

Ayoreo

uta’ta-i
‘pororo-i
kara-‘taai
‘sarẽ
‘sarẽ
maaŋnataai

Native to

Paraguay, Bolivia

Most spoken in

Paraguay, Bolivia

Native speakers

1,500

UNESCO Status

Critically Endangered

A Zamucoan language from the Gran Chaco region, Ayoreo reflects the traditional lifestyle of hunting and gathering. Colors in Ayoreo culture often bear symbolic meanings related to nature and spiritual beliefs.

11

Azerbaijani

qara
qɪrmɪzɪ
sarɪ
yaşɪl
göy
qəhvəyi
narıncı
tünd qırmızı
çəhrayɪ
boz

Native to

Azerbaijan

Most spoken in

Azerbaijan, Iran, Iraq, Turkey

Native speakers

32,000,000

UNESCO Status

Safe

A Turkic language, Azerbaijani was influenced by Persian, Arabic, and Russian due to historical events. Colors in Azerbaijani culture may have symbolic meanings, often associated with the country's rich natural and historical landscape.

2

Baliem Valley

mili
mola

Native to

Indonesia

Most spoken in

New Guinea

Native speakers

90,000

UNESCO Status

Definitely Endangered

Baliem Valley or Dani, an indigenous language spoken in the Baliem Valley of Western New Guinea, has a unique color terminology. They only use two basic terms for color - mili for light or warm hues (including reds, yellows, and whites) and mola for dark or cool hues (including blues, greens, and blacks). This system reflects the specific cultural and environmental experiences of the Dani people.

12

Balinese

badeng
putih
barak
kuning
gadang
gadang
jengga
dadu
wanta
hungu
dadu
ḍawuk

Native to

Indonesia

Most spoken in

Indonesia

Native speakers

3,400,000

UNESCO Status

Safe

An Austronesian language from the Indonesian island of Bali, Balinese was heavily influenced by Sanskrit and Javanese. Colors in Balinese culture often carry symbolic meanings, especially in Hindu religious ceremonies.

6

Balti

nākpo
kārpo
mārpo
serpo
sŋonpo
khnam-raŋ

Native to

Pakistan

Most spoken in

Pakistan

Native speakers

400,000

UNESCO Status

Definitely Endangered

A Tibetic language spoken in the Baltistan region of Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan, Balti has influences from Urdu and Persian. Color symbolism in Balti culture often relates to Tibetan Buddhism and local customs.

5

Bari

bachirry
bary
bokorany
karikashukdury
birraikarany

Native to

South Sudan

Most spoken in

South Sudan

Native speakers

800,000

UNESCO Status

Safe

A Nilotic language spoken in South Sudan, Bari has evolved with influences from Arabic and Swahili. Colors in Bari culture often have symbolic meanings tied to nature and social customs.

9

Bashkir

ҡара
аҡ
ҡыҙыл
һары
йәшел
күк
көрән
ал
бүре

Native to

Russia

Most spoken in

Russia

Native speakers

1,500,000

UNESCO Status

Safe

A Turkic language from Russia, Bashkir was influenced by the Tatar and Russian languages. Bashkir culture may associate colors with historical narratives, traditional customs, and the region's natural environment.

11

Basque

beltz
zuri
gorri
hori
berde
urdin
marroi
laranja
ubel
arrosa
grisa

Native to

Spain, France

Most spoken in

Spain, France

Native speakers

670,000

UNESCO Status

Definitely Endangered

An isolate language in Spain and France, Basque is unique in its lack of relation to any other language family. Basque culture's color symbolism may reflect local customs, folklore, and natural landscapes.

2

Bassa

hwúe
zĩ-zã

Native to

Liberia, Ivory Coast, Sierra Leone

Most spoken in

Liberia, Ivory Coast, Sierra Leone

Native speakers

600,000

UNESCO Status

Safe

A Niger-Congo language from Liberia, Bassa has been influenced by contact with other local languages. Colors in Bassa culture often have symbolic meanings related to social practices and natural elements.

6

Batak Karo

mbiring
mbulan
megara
megersing
meratah
meratah

Native to

Indonesia

Most spoken in

Indonesia

Native speakers

570,000

UNESCO Status

Definitely Endangered

A Batak language of Sumatra, Batak Karo was influenced by Malay and Dutch. Colors in Batak Karo culture often carry symbolic meanings related to social status, natural elements, and animistic beliefs.

11

Belarusian

чорны
белы
чырвоны
жоўты
зялоны
сіні
карычневы
аранжавы
фіялетавы
ружовы
шэры

Native to

Belarus, Poland, Ukraine

Most spoken in

Belarus, Poland, Ukraine

Native speakers

4,000,000

UNESCO Status

Safe

An East Slavic language, Belarusian evolved with influences from Polish, Lithuanian, and Russian. Color symbolism in Belarusian culture may reflect historical events, social traditions, and the region's nature.

6

Bemba

-fita
-bûta
-kashika
umutuntulwa
katapakatapa
icafitulukila

Native to

Zambia, Democratic Republic of Congo

Most spoken in

Zambia, Democratic Republic of Congo

Native speakers

3,300,000

UNESCO Status

Safe

A Bantu language from Zambia, Bemba has evolved through interactions with local languages and English. In Bemba culture, colors may hold symbolic meanings tied to social customs, spiritual beliefs, and natural elements.

11

Bengali

কালো
সাদা
লল
হলুদ
সবুজ
নীল
বাদামি
কমলা
বেগুন
খোলাপি
ধূসর

Native to

Bangladesh, India

Most spoken in

Bangladesh, India

Native speakers

228,000,000

UNESCO Status

Safe

An Indo-Aryan language from the Indian subcontinent, Bengali was influenced by Persian, Arabic, and English. Color symbolism in Bengali culture often ties to religious ceremonies, folklore, and the region's diverse nature.

9

Bezhta

цӀодоло
гьаьлдийо
цӀуддо
уклиъис
гьелӀалъцоъос
ничдийо
чакьилагьас
шахилако
кешдийо

Native to

Russia

Most spoken in

Russia

Native speakers

12,100

UNESCO Status

Definitely Endangered

A Northeast Caucasian language from Russia, Bezhta has been influenced by other languages in the Dagestan region. Bezhta culture's color symbolism may reflect traditional customs and the local natural environment.

10

Breton

du
gwenn
ruz
melen
glas
ruzdu
orañjez
glasruz
ruz
gris

Native to

France

Most spoken in

France

Native speakers

206,000

UNESCO Status

Definitely Endangered

A Celtic language of Brittany in France, Breton has been influenced by Latin, French, and Old Norse. Traditional Breton culture may associate colors with historical narratives, local customs, and maritime elements.

10

Budukh

лагӀа
лузу
ал
соза
йашил
цӀору
шутӀри
къиркьаб
кьачӀу
кьачӀу

Native to

Russia, Azerbaijan

Most spoken in

Russia, Azerbaijan

Native speakers

1,000

UNESCO Status

Critically Endangered

A Northeast Caucasian language from Azerbaijan, Budukh evolved in close contact with Lezgian and Avar. Color symbolism in Budukh culture often reflects traditional customs and the natural environment.

5

Bugis

lotoŋ
pute
cəllaʔ
ridi
makudaraʔ
gawuʔ
sikolaʔ

Native to

Indonesia

Most spoken in

Indonesia

Native speakers

5,000,000

UNESCO Status

Safe

An Austronesian language from Sulawesi in Indonesia, Bugis was influenced by Malay and Dutch. Colors in Bugis culture often carry symbolic meanings tied to social status, natural elements, and animistic beliefs.

12

Bulgarian

черно
бяло
червено
жълто
зелено
синьо
кафяво
оранжево
лилаво
виолетово
розово
сиво

Native to

Bulgaria

Most spoken in

Bulgaria

Native speakers

8,000,000

UNESCO Status

Safe

A South Slavic language, Bulgarian was influenced by Thracian, Turkish, and Greek. In Bulgarian culture, colors may have symbolic meanings often associated with folklore, national history, and Orthodox Christian practices.

10

Burmese

နက်သော
ြဖူေသာ
နီေသာ
ဝါေသာ
စိမ်းေသာ
ြပေသာ
အညိုရောင်
လိမ္မော္ရောင်
ခရမ္းရောင်
မီးခု္းရောင်

Native to

Myanmar

Most spoken in

Myanmar

Native speakers

33,000,000

UNESCO Status

Safe

A Sino-Tibetan language from Myanmar, Burmese evolved with influences from Pali and Mon. Colors in Burmese culture often carry symbolic meanings, especially in Buddhism and traditional ceremonies.

5

Burusho

mʌtum
buruːm
baːrdʊm
ɪṣkərk
ɪṣqʌm

Native to

Pakistan

Most spoken in

Pakistan

Native speakers

98,000

UNESCO Status

Critically Endangered

An isolate language of Pakistan, Burusho has evolved independently. Color symbolism in Burusho culture may reflect traditional customs, religious beliefs, and the natural environment of the Karakoram mountains.

6

Cakchiquel

q̣eq
səq
kəq
q̣ən
rəš
rəš

Native to

Guatemala

Most spoken in

Guatemala

Native speakers

475,889

UNESCO Status

Severely Endangered

A Mayan language from Guatemala, Cakchiquel has been influenced by Spanish. Colors in Cakchiquel culture often have symbolic meanings tied to the Mayan cosmology and natural elements.

6

Caló

gallardó
plasnó
lolo
batacolé
bardorí
julé

Native to

Spain, United States

Most spoken in

Spain, United States

Native speakers

40,000

UNESCO Status

Severely Endangered

A mixed language of Spain, Caló combines Romani and Spanish elements. Caló culture's color symbolism may reflect traditional Roma customs and influences from Spanish culture.

11

Catalan

negre
blanc
vermell
groc
verd
blau
marró
taronja
porpra
rosa
gris

Native to

Spain, Andorra

Most spoken in

Spain, Andorra

Native speakers

4,000,000

UNESCO Status

Safe

A Romance language from Spain, Catalan was heavily influenced by Latin and later by Arabic and French. Catalan culture might associate colors with historical events, local customs, and the Mediterranean environment.

6

Catawba

hawókči
táːkče
səka
wuyantkare
wayani
wu

Native to

United States

Most spoken in

United States

Native speakers

0

UNESCO Status

Extinct

A Siouan language of the American Southeast, Catawba evolved under influence from neighboring languages and European settlers. Color symbolism in Catawba culture often reflects nature and spiritual beliefs.

6

Cavineña

sewe-da
paha-da
pode-da
hawa-da
sawa-da
sawa-da

Native to

Bolivia

Most spoken in

Bolivia

Native speakers

800

UNESCO Status

Critically Endangered

An indigenous language of Bolivia, Cavineña has been influenced by other Tacanan languages. Traditional Cavineña culture might associate colors with Amazonian elements and animistic beliefs.

6

Cayuvava

ɲataha
paboreha
tɨrɨrɨ
darutæ
iβere
yaβodahæ

Native to

Brazil

Most spoken in

Brazil

Native speakers

700

UNESCO Status

Definitely Endangered

An isolate language of Bolivia, Cayuvava evolved independently. Color symbolism in Cayuvava culture may reflect traditional customs and the region's natural environment.

10

Chamorro

áttilong
á’paka
agaga’
amariyu
betde
asút
kulot chukulati
kulot kahet
lila
kulot di rosa

Native to

Guam, Northern Mariana Islands

Most spoken in

Guam, Northern Mariana Islands

Native speakers

58,500

UNESCO Status

Severely Endangered

An Austronesian language of Guam and the Mariana Islands, Chamorro was influenced by Spanish, Japanese, and English. Colors in Chamorro culture often carry symbolic meanings related to nature and local customs.

11

Chechen

‘ärža
ḳajn
ċen
moža
bäccara
sijna
боьмаша
ц1еран бос
лилула-сийна
беса-ц1ениг
сира

Native to

Russia, Georgia

Most spoken in

Russia, Georgia

Native speakers

1,370,000

UNESCO Status

Safe

A Northeast Caucasian language from Russia, Chechen has been influenced by Russian and Arabic. Traditional Chechen culture often associates colors with social customs, historical narratives, and the region's natural environment.

11

Cherokee

ᎬᎿᎨ
ᎤᏁᎦ
ᎩᎦᎨ
ᏓᎶᏂᎨ
ᎢᏥᎢᏳᏍᏗ
ᏌᎪᏂᎨ
ᎤᏬᏗᎨ
ᎠᏓᎶᏂᎨ
ᎠᏛᎭᎵᎨ
ᎦᎦᎨ ᎤᏍᎪᎸ
ᎬᎿᎨ ᎤᏍᎪᎸ

Native to

United States

Most spoken in

United States

Native speakers

1,000

UNESCO Status

Severely Endangered

An Iroquoian language of the American Southeast, Cherokee evolved with influences from neighboring languages and European settlers. Color symbolism in Cherokee culture often reflects spiritual beliefs and elements of nature.

12

Chinese

黑色
白色
紅色
黄色
褐色
橙色
紫色 (zǐsè)
粉紅色
灰色

Native to

China

Most spoken in

China

Native speakers

1,311,000,000

UNESCO Status

Safe

A Sino-Tibetan language, Chinese has influenced and been influenced by many languages in East Asia. Color symbolism in Chinese culture is complex and often tied to philosophical concepts, traditional customs, and natural elements.

7

Chinook

klale
t’kope
pil
kwakawak
pechugh
spooh
legléy

Native to

United States

Most spoken in

United States

Native speakers

0

UNESCO Status

Extinct

A Penutian language from the American Northwest, Chinook was influenced by neighboring languages and European settlers. Colors in Chinook culture often have symbolic meanings related to nature and spiritual beliefs.

6

Chipaya

c̄oḳ
čiwi
lxok
kˀilʸu
čˀoxɲa
larama

Native to

Bolivia

Most spoken in

Bolivia

Native speakers

1,000

UNESCO Status

Definitely Endangered

An isolate language of Bolivia, Chipaya evolved independently. Color symbolism in Chipaya culture often reflects traditional customs and the high-altitude environment of the Andean Altiplano.

6

Chiriguano

-hũu
tĩi
pɨ̃ta
iǰu
howɨ
howɨ

Native to

Bolivia

Most spoken in

Bolivia, Paraguay

Native speakers

64,000

UNESCO Status

Vulnerable

A Tupian language from Argentina and Bolivia, Chiriguano was influenced by Guarani and Quechua. Colors in Chiriguano culture often carry symbolic meanings tied to nature and traditional customs.

11

Choctaw

lusa
tohbi
homma
lakna
okchakko
okchamali
hotonlvkna
tulha̱koba
okchakvlbi
okchakvlbi
okchamali

Native to

United States

Most spoken in

United States

Native speakers

9,300

UNESCO Status

Severely Endangered

A Muskogean language of the American Southeast, Choctaw evolved with influences from neighboring languages and European settlers. Colors in Choctaw culture often have symbolic meanings related to spiritual beliefs and nature.

7

Chontal

ik'
sɨk
chɨk
k'ɨn
yɨx
ik'kutan
ik'pik'an

Native to

Mexico

Most spoken in

Mexico

Native speakers

35,000

UNESCO Status

Severely Endangered

A Hokan language from Mexico, Chontal has been influenced by Nahuatl and Spanish. Colors in Chontal culture often carry symbolic meanings related to the Mesoamerican cosmology and natural elements.

6

Chuj

ḳiḳ
sak
čak
ḳan
yaš
yaš

Native to

Guatemala

Most spoken in

Guatemala, Mexico

Native speakers

491,000

UNESCO Status

Definitely Endangered

A Mayan language from Guatemala, Chuj has been influenced by Spanish. Colors in Chuj culture often have symbolic meanings tied to Mayan cosmology and the natural world.

6

Chuvash

xura
šură
xĕrlĕ
sară
simĕs
kăvak

Native to

Russia

Most spoken in

Russia

Native speakers

1,740,000

UNESCO Status

Vulnerable

A Turkic language from Russia, Chuvash was influenced by the Tatar and Russian languages. Chuvash culture may associate colors with historical narratives, traditional customs, and the region's natural environment.

6

Chácobo

čɨkɨ
hoṣ̌o
piši
šini
niaβa
niaβa

Native to

Bolivia

Most spoken in

Bolivia

Native speakers

350

UNESCO Status

Definitely Endangered

A Panoan language of Bolivia, Chácobo reflects the traditional culture deeply intertwined with the Amazonian environment. Colors often have symbolic meanings tied to nature and spiritual beliefs.

6

Cofan

sįˀą
totoa
kïˀa
kiyopa
indzią
indzią

Native to

Ecuador

Most spoken in

Ecuador, Colombia

Native speakers

1,000

UNESCO Status

Critically Endangered

An indigenous language of Ecuador and Colombia, Cofan was influenced by Quechua and Spanish. Colors in Cofan culture often have symbolic meanings tied to the Amazonian environment and traditional customs.

6

Colorado

pa-ˀba-‘kã
ɸi-ʰ’ˀbã
‘lu-ˀbã
laʰ’ke-ˀbã
loʰsĩ-ˀba
loʰsĩ-ˀba

Native to

United States

Most spoken in

United States

Native speakers

0

UNESCO Status

Extinct

A language from Argentina, Colorado has been influenced by neighboring indigenous languages and Spanish. Color symbolism in Colorado culture often reflects traditional customs and the local natural environment.

6

Cora Nayar

súˀumuaraˀa
kuaina
tɯpaˀu
taúmua
ħamuámua
kuatúmua

Native to

Mexico

Most spoken in

Mexico

Native speakers

24,000

UNESCO Status

Definitely Endangered

An Uto-Aztecan language from Mexico, Cora Nayar was influenced by Nahuatl and Spanish. Colors in Cora Nayar culture often carry symbolic meanings related to Mesoamerican cosmology and natural elements.

13

Cornish

du
gwynn
rudh
melyn
gwerwyn
dulas
glas
gorm
gell
rudhvelyn
purpur
gwynnrudh
loos

Native to

United Kingdom

Most spoken in

United Kingdom

Native speakers

600

UNESCO Status

Severely Endangered

A Celtic language from England, Cornish was influenced by Latin, Norse, and English. Traditional Cornish culture may associate colors with historical narratives, local customs, and maritime elements.

11

Corsican

neru
biancu
rossu
giallu
verdi
turchini
brunu
arancinu
viulettu
rosa
grisgiu

Native to

France, Italy

Most spoken in

France, Italy

Native speakers

100,000

UNESCO Status

Vulnerable

A Romance language from France, Corsican was heavily influenced by Italian and French. Colors in Corsican culture might associate with historical events, local customs, and the Mediterranean environment.

11

Creek

lvstē
hvtkē
catē
lanē
lanē
holattē
oklanē
yvlahv
okcatē
catosē
sopahvtkē

Native to

United States

Most spoken in

United States

Native speakers

3,000

UNESCO Status

Critically Endangered

A Muskogean language of the American Southeast, Creek evolved with influences from neighboring languages and European settlers. Colors in Creek culture often have symbolic meanings related to spiritual beliefs and elements of nature.

11

Croatian

crna
bijela
crvena
žuta
zelena
plava
smeđa
narančasta
ljubičasta
ružičasta
siva

Native to

Croatia

Most spoken in

Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina

Native speakers

5,500,000

UNESCO Status

Safe

A South Slavic language, Croatian was influenced by Latin, Turkish, and Hungarian. In Croatian culture, colors may have symbolic meanings often associated with folklore, national history, and Christian practices.

12

Crow

shipíte
chía
hísshe
shíile
bimmaáhchiia
shúa
shúaneaxe
shíilishpite
shíilooshe
dakáakapkisshichichee
hísshineaxe
chóose

Native to

United States

Most spoken in

United States

Native speakers

5,000

UNESCO Status

Severely Endangered

A Siouan language of the American Plains, Crow evolved under influence from neighboring languages and European settlers. Color symbolism in Crow culture often reflects nature and spiritual beliefs.

11

Czech

černá
bílá
červená
žlutá
zelená
modrá
hnědá
oranžová
fialová
růžová
šedá

Native to

Czech Republic

Most spoken in

Czech Republic

Native speakers

11,000,000

UNESCO Status

Safe

A West Slavic language, Czech was influenced by Latin, German, and Hungarian. Colors in Czech culture often carry symbolic meanings, especially in traditional customs and national history.

11

Danish

sort
hvid
rød
gul
grøn
blå
brun
orange
lilla
lyserød
grå

Native to

Denmark

Most spoken in

Denmark, Greenland, Faroe Islands

Native speakers

5,700,000

UNESCO Status

Safe

A North Germanic language, Danish was influenced by Old Norse, Latin, and German. In Danish culture, colors often carry symbolic meanings related to historical narratives, maritime elements, and social customs.

7

Deg Xinag

dithizringh
liqˈuł
dithiqˈizr
litthugh
xinołyal xiqˈiy
łit hiqˈiy
ggoyh

Native to

United States

Most spoken in

United States

Native speakers

40

UNESCO Status

Severely Endangered

An Athabaskan language from Alaska, Deg Xinag has been influenced by other indigenous languages and Russian. Color symbolism in Deg Xinag culture may reflect traditional customs, spiritual beliefs, and the Arctic environment.

11

Dutch

zwart
wit
rood
geel
groen
blauw
bruin
oranje
paars
roze
grijs

Native to

Netherlands

Most spoken in

Netherlands, Belgium, Suriname

Native speakers

24,000,000

UNESCO Status

Safe

A West Germanic language, Dutch was influenced by Latin, French, and German. Dutch culture often associates colors with historical narratives, maritime elements, and social customs.

6

Emberá

paima
tořo
puřu
kuara
pãõãrã
pãõãrã

Native to

Panama, Colombia

Most spoken in

Panama, Colombia

Native speakers

80,000

UNESCO Status

Vulnerable

A Chocoan language from Panama and Colombia, Emberá was influenced by Spanish. Colors in Emberá culture often carry symbolic meanings tied to nature and traditional customs.

11

English

black
white
red
yellow
green
blue
brown
orange
purple
pink
grey

Native to

United Kingdom, United States

Most spoken in

Worldwide

Native speakers

1,132,000,000

UNESCO Status

Safe

A West Germanic language, English has been influenced by Old Norse, French, and Latin. Color symbolism in English culture is often tied to historical events, social customs, and elements of nature.

6

Eperara

pʰãimaa
tʰořoo
pʰoree
kʰuaraa
pʰãwaraa
pʰãwaraa

Native to

Colombia, Ecuador

Most spoken in

Colombia, Ecuador

Native speakers

2,300

UNESCO Status

Critically Endangered

A Chocoan language from Colombia, Eperara was influenced by Spanish. Colors in Eperara culture often have symbolic meanings tied to nature and traditional customs.

6

Erza Mordvin

r̃aužo
ašo
yaksʸtʸer̃ʸe
ožo
piže
senʸ

Native to

Russia

Most spoken in

Russia

Native speakers

2,000

UNESCO Status

Severely Endangered

A Uralic language from Russia, Erza Mordvin has been influenced by Russian and Tatar. Color symbolism in Erza Mordvin culture often reflects traditional customs and the local natural environment.

11

Estonian

must
valge
punane
kollane
roheline
sinine
pruun
oranž
lilla
roosa
hall

Native to

Estonia

Most spoken in

Estonia

Native speakers

1,100,000

UNESCO Status

Safe

A Uralic language, Estonian was influenced by German, Russian, and Finnish. Colors in Estonian culture often carry symbolic meanings related to historical events, nature, and social customs.

6

Even

xakarīn
njōbatə̄
xulanjā
xel
čulbanjā
čulbanjā

Native to

Russia

Most spoken in

Russia

Native speakers

5,000

UNESCO Status

Severely Endangered

A Tungusic language from Russia, Even was influenced by Russian and Yakut. Colors in Even culture often carry symbolic meanings tied to traditional customs and the Siberian environment.

6

Evenki

karā
ñuberī
hulama
siŋarīn
noɣōn
noɣōn

Native to

Russia, China

Most spoken in

Russia, China

Native speakers

35,000

UNESCO Status

Severely Endangered

A Tungusic language from Russia, Evenki was influenced by Russian and other indigenous languages. Colors in Evenki culture often have symbolic meanings tied to traditional customs and the Siberian environment.

9

Faroese

svartur
hvitur
reyður
gulur
grønur
bláur
brúnur
ljósareyður
gráur

Native to

Faroe Islands

Most spoken in

Faroe Islands

Native speakers

50,000

UNESCO Status

Definitely Endangered

A North Germanic language from Denmark, Faroese was influenced by Old Norse and Danish. Colors in Faroese culture often carry symbolic meanings related to historical narratives, maritime elements, and social customs.

11

Filipino

itim
puti
púla
dilaw
berde
asul
tsokolate
dalandan
lilà
rosas
abó

Native to

Philippines

Most spoken in

Philippines

Native speakers

45,000,000

UNESCO Status

Safe

An Austronesian language, Filipino was influenced by Spanish, Chinese, and English. Colors in Filipino culture often carry symbolic meanings tied to nature, traditional customs, and Catholic practices.

11

Finnish

musta
valkoinen
punainen
keltainen
vihreä
sininen
ruskea
oranssi
purppura
pinkki
harmaa

Native to

Finland

Most spoken in

Finland

Native speakers

5,500,000

UNESCO Status

Safe

A Uralic language, Finnish was influenced by Swedish, Russian, and German. Colors in Finnish culture often carry symbolic meanings related to nature, historical events, and social customs.

11

French

noir
blanc
rouge
jaune
vert
bleu
brun
orange
violet
rose
gris

Native to

France

Most spoken in

Worldwide

Native speakers

300,000,000

UNESCO Status

Safe

A Romance language, French was influenced by Latin, Germanic, and Arabic languages. Color symbolism in French culture often reflects historical narratives, social customs, and elements of nature.

11

Frisian

swart
wyt
read
giel
grien
blau
brún
oranje
pears
rôze
griis

Native to

Netherlands, Germany

Most spoken in

Netherlands, Germany

Native speakers

440,000

UNESCO Status

Definitely Endangered

A West Germanic language, Frisian was influenced by Old Norse, Dutch, and English. Colors in Frisian culture often carry symbolic meanings related to historical narratives, maritime elements, and social customs.

11

Galician

negro
branco
vermella
amarela
verde
azul
marrón
laranja
púrpura
rosa
grises

Native to

Spain

Most spoken in

Spain

Native speakers

2,500,000

UNESCO Status

Safe

A Romance language from Spain, Galician was influenced by Latin and Portuguese. Color symbolism in Galician culture often reflects traditional customs, local environment, and historical events.

12

Georgian

შავი
თეთრი
წითელი
ყვითელი
მწვანე
ლურჯი
ცისფერი
ყავისფერი
ნარინჯისფერი
იისფერი
ვარდისფერი
ნაცრისფერი

Native to

Georgia

Most spoken in

Georgia

Native speakers

3,900,000

UNESCO Status

Safe

A Kartvelian language from the Caucasus, Georgian evolved independently. Color symbolism in Georgian culture often reflects traditional customs, Christian practices, and the diverse regional environment.

11

German

schwarz
weiß
rot
gelb
grün
blau
braun
orange
lila
rosa
grau

Native to

Germany

Most spoken in

Germany, Austria, Switzerland

Native speakers

95,000,000

UNESCO Status

Safe

A West Germanic language, German was influenced by Latin, French, and Norse. Colors in German culture often carry symbolic meanings related to historical narratives, traditional customs, and nature.

6

Ghulfan

úri
oɽí
kɛ́le
baɼɽá
te
úri

Native to

Oman

Most spoken in

Oman

Native speakers

0

UNESCO Status

Extinct

A Nubian language from Sudan, Ghulfan was influenced by Arabic and other Nubian languages. Colors in Ghulfan culture often carry symbolic meanings tied to nature, Islamic practices, and traditional customs.

6

Gilaki

siya
səfid
sorx
zərd
sebz
arši

Native to

Iran

Most spoken in

Iran

Native speakers

3,000,000

UNESCO Status

Safe

An Indo-European language from Iran, Gilaki was influenced by Persian and Turkic languages. Color symbolism in Gilaki culture often reflects Islamic traditions, historical events, and the regional environment.

6

Goajiro

mɨtsia
kasu-to-ľu
išosɨ
maľoukati-si-
wɨitɨ-si
wɨitɨ-si

Native to

Colombia, Venezuela

Most spoken in

Colombia, Venezuela

Native speakers

200,000

UNESCO Status

Vulnerable

An Arawakan language from Colombia, Goajiro was influenced by Spanish. Colors in Goajiro culture often carry symbolic meanings tied to nature and traditional customs.

12

Greek

μαύρο
άσπρο
κόκκινο
κίτρινο
πράσινο
μπλε
γαλάζιο
καφέ
πορτοκαλί
μοβ
ροζ
γκρι

Native to

Greece, Cyprus

Most spoken in

Greece, Cyprus

Native speakers

13,000,000

UNESCO Status

Safe

An Indo-European language, Greek has evolved with minimal influence from other languages. Color symbolism in Greek culture often reflects historical narratives, Orthodox Christian practices, and elements of nature.

11

Groningen

swaart
wit
rood
geel
gruin
blaauw
broen
oraanje
paars
ros
gries

Native to

Netherlands

Most spoken in

Netherlands

Native speakers

185,000

UNESCO Status

Definitely Endangered

A Low Saxon dialect from the Netherlands, Groningen was influenced by Dutch and German. Colors in Groningen culture often carry symbolic meanings related to historical narratives, local customs, and maritime elements.

10

Guaraní

morotĩ
pytã
sa'yju
morongy
hovy
hũngy
pytaũ
pytãngy
atĩva

Native to

Paraguay, Argentina, Brazil

Most spoken in

Paraguay, Argentina, Brazil

Native speakers

8,000,000

UNESCO Status

Safe

Originating in Paraguay and spoken by the Guarani people, this Tupian language underwent substantial influence from Spanish. Guaraní society, being heavily nature-oriented, sees colors as important symbolic aspects of their traditional lore and environmental interactions.

12

Gujarati

કાળો
સફેદ
લાલ
પીળો
લીલો
ભૂરો
વાદળી
બદામી
નારંગી
જાંબલી
ગુલાબી
ભૂખરો

Native to

India

Most spoken in

India

Native speakers

55,500,000

UNESCO Status

Safe

An Indo-Aryan language from India, Gujarati was influenced by Sanskrit, Persian, and Arabic. Colors in Gujarati culture often carry symbolic meanings tied to Hindu and Jain practices, nature, and social customs.

6

Gupapuyngu

gurrngan
gaywarangu
miku'mirri
milkuminymirri
gurrngan
miku'mirri

Native to

Australia

Most spoken in

Australia

Native speakers

700

UNESCO Status

Severely Endangered

A Yolngu Matha language from Australia, Gupapuyngu evolved with influence from neighboring indigenous languages. Color symbolism in Gupapuyngu culture often reflects traditional customs, spiritual beliefs, and the local environment.

11

Hausa

bak̑ī
farī
rawaya
algashi
shuɗī
mai ruwan k'asa
mai ruwan lemo
launin jar garura
ja-ja
mai ruwan toka-toka

Native to

Niger, Nigeria

Most spoken in

Niger, Nigeria

Native speakers

63,000,000

UNESCO Status

Safe

A Chadic language from Africa, Hausa was influenced by Arabic and indigenous African languages. Colors in Hausa culture often carry symbolic meanings tied to Islamic traditions, social customs, and elements of nature.

11

Hawaiian

‘ele’ele
ke’oke’o
‘ula’ula
melemele
‘ooma’oma’o
uliuli
palaunu
‘aalani
poni
‘aakala
‘aahinahina

Native to

United States

Most spoken in

United States

Native speakers

2,000

UNESCO Status

Critically Endangered

A Polynesian language, Hawaiian evolved with influence from other Polynesian languages. Color symbolism in Hawaiian culture often reflects traditional customs, the local environment, and spiritual beliefs.

12

Hebrew

שחור
לבן
אדום
צהוב
ירוק
כחול
תכלת
חום
כתום
סגול
ורוד
אפור

Native to

Israel

Most spoken in

Israel

Native speakers

7,500,000

UNESCO Status

Safe

A Semitic language, Hebrew was influenced by Aramaic, Arabic, and Greek. Color symbolism in Hebrew culture often reflects biblical narratives, Jewish traditions, and elements of nature.

11

Hindi

काला
सफेद
लाल
पीला
हरा
नीला
भूरा
नारंगी
बैंगनी
गुलाबी
धूसर

Native to

India

Most spoken in

India

Native speakers

584,570,000

UNESCO Status

Safe

An Indo-Aryan language, Hindi was influenced by Sanskrit, Persian, and Arabic. Colors in Hindi culture often carry symbolic meanings tied to Hindu practices, social customs, and elements of nature.

11

Hmong

xim dub
xim dawb
xim liab
xim daj
xim ntsuab
xim xiav
xim kas fes
xim maj kiab
xim paj yeeb
xim liab damb muag
xim txho

Native to

China, Vietnam, Laos, Thailand

Most spoken in

China, Vietnam, Laos, Thailand

Native speakers

5,000,000

UNESCO Status

Vulnerable

A Hmong-Mien language from Asia, Hmong has been influenced by Chinese and other local languages. Colors in Hmong culture often have symbolic meanings tied to traditional customs, spiritual beliefs, and elements of nature.

6

Ho

henḍe
punḍi
( ?)
sasaŋleká
tasadleká
gádeḍ

Native to

India

Most spoken in

India

Native speakers

1,040,000

UNESCO Status

Definitely Endangered

An Austroasiatic language from India, Ho was influenced by Sanskrit and other local languages. Color symbolism in Ho culture often reflects traditional customs, spiritual beliefs, and the local environment.

6

Huastec

eḥeknʔi
ṭakniʔ
tsakniʔ
manuʔ
yašušuul
yašušuul

Native to

Mexico

Most spoken in

Mexico

Native speakers

155,000

UNESCO Status

Severely Endangered

A Mayan language from Mexico, Huastec was influenced by Nahuatl and Spanish. Colors in Huastec culture often carry symbolic meanings related to Mesoamerican cosmology and natural elements.

12

Hungarian

fekete
fehér
piros
vörös
sárga
zöld
kék
barna
narancssárga
lila
rózsaszín
szürke

Native to

Hungary

Most spoken in

Hungary, Romania, Slovakia

Native speakers

13,100,000

UNESCO Status

Safe

A Uralic language, Hungarian was influenced by Turkish, German, and Slavic languages. Colors in Hungarian culture often carry symbolic meanings related to historical events, social customs, and elements of nature.

11

Icelandic

svartur
hvítur
rauður
gulur
grænn
blár
brúnn
appelsínugulur
fjólublár
bleikur
grár

Native to

Iceland

Most spoken in

Iceland

Native speakers

314,000

UNESCO Status

Definitely Endangered

A North Germanic language, Icelandic was influenced by Old Norse and Danish. Colors in Icelandic culture often carry symbolic meanings related to historical narratives, maritime elements, and social customs.

11

Igbo

ojii
ọcha
mmee mmee
edo edo
ndụ ndụ
anụnụ anụnụ
àkpammānụ
pọpọ pọpọ
odo odo
ire ire
ntụ ntụ

Native to

Nigeria

Most spoken in

Nigeria

Native speakers

24,400,000

UNESCO Status

Safe

A Volta-Niger language from Nigeria, Igbo was influenced by English and other local languages. Color symbolism in Igbo culture often reflects traditional customs, spiritual beliefs, and the local environment.

11

Indonesian

hitam
putih
merah
kuning
hijau
biru
coklat
oranye
ungu
merah muda
abu abu

Native to

Indonesia

Most spoken in

Indonesia

Native speakers

215,000,000

UNESCO Status

Safe

An Austronesian language, Indonesian was influenced by Sanskrit, Arabic, Dutch, and English. Colors in Indonesian culture often carry symbolic meanings tied to nature, Islamic practices, and social customs.

9

Ingrian

musta
valkia
punain
kelta
rohoin
sini
ruskia
roozovoi
harmaa

Native to

Russia

Most spoken in

Russia

Native speakers

200

UNESCO Status

Critically Endangered

A Finnic language from Russia, Ingrian was influenced by Russian, Finnish, and Swedish. Colors in Ingrian culture often carry symbolic meanings related to historical events, nature, and social customs.

11

Ingush

Ӏаьржа
кӀай
цӀе
ӀажагаӀ
баьццара
сийна
мора
цӀий бесса ӀажагӀа
шаькъа бесса
сийрда-цӀе
сира

Native to

Russia

Most spoken in

Russia

Native speakers

410,000

UNESCO Status

Severely Endangered

A Nakh language from Russia, Ingush was influenced by Russian and Chechen. Color symbolism in Ingush culture often reflects traditional customs, Islamic practices, and the Caucasus environment.

12

Irish Gaelic

dubh
bán
dearg
rua
buí
glas
gorm
donn
oráiste
corcra
bándearg
liath

Native to

Ireland

Most spoken in

Ireland

Native speakers

74,000

UNESCO Status

Definitely Endangered

A Celtic language from Ireland, Irish was influenced by Latin, Norse, and English. Color symbolism in Irish culture often reflects historical narratives, Christian practices, and elements of nature.

12

Italian

nero
bianco
rosso
giallo
verde
blu
azzurro
marrone
arancione
viola
rosa
grigio

Native to

Italy, Switzerland, San Marino

Most spoken in

Italy, Switzerland, San Marino

Native speakers

85,000,000

UNESCO Status

Safe

A Romance language, Italian was influenced by Latin, Greek, and Arabic. Color symbolism in Italian culture often reflects historical narratives, Christian practices, and elements of nature.

6

Itonama

kawolo
rapɨhna
i-dahke
o-were
kabalaʔi
wanili

Native to

Bolivia

Most spoken in

Bolivia

Native speakers

0

UNESCO Status

Extinct

An isolate language from Bolivia, Itonama evolved with minimal influence from other languages. Colors in Itonama culture often have symbolic meanings tied to traditional customs and the Amazonian environment.

6

Itza’

boš
sək
čək
ḳən
ḳiḳ
yaʔaš

Native to

Guatemala

Most spoken in

Guatemala

Native speakers

100

UNESCO Status

Critically Endangered

A Mayan language from Guatemala, Itza’ was influenced by Nahuatl and Spanish. Colors in Itza’ culture often carry symbolic meanings related to Mesoamerican cosmology and natural elements.

6

Ixil

q̣eq
saq
kaq
q̣an
čaʔs
čaʔs

Native to

Guatemala

Most spoken in

Guatemala

Native speakers

82,000

UNESCO Status

Definitely Endangered

A Mayan language from Guatemala, Ixil was influenced by Quiche and Spanish. Colors in Ixil culture often carry symbolic meanings related to Mesoamerican cosmology and natural elements.

12

Japanese

茶色
桃色
灰色
鼡色

Native to

Japan

Most spoken in

Japan

Native speakers

127,000,000

UNESCO Status

Safe

A Japonic language, Japanese was influenced by Chinese and Portuguese. Color symbolism in Japanese culture often reflects traditional customs, Shinto and Buddhist practices, and elements of nature.

11

Javanese

ireng
putih
abang
kuning
ijo
biru
coklat
oranye
wungu
jambon
abu-abu

Native to

Indonesia

Most spoken in

Indonesia

Native speakers

98,000,000

UNESCO Status

Safe

An Austronesian language, Javanese was influenced by Sanskrit, Arabic, Dutch, and Malay. Colors in Javanese culture often carry symbolic meanings tied to nature, traditional customs, and Islamic practices.

11

Jèrriais

nièr
blianc
rouoge
jaune
vèrt
bliu
brun
orange
poupre
rose
gris

Native to

Jersey

Most spoken in

Jersey

Native speakers

3,000

UNESCO Status

Severely Endangered

A Romance language from Jersey, Jèrriais was influenced by Old Norse and French. Color symbolism in Jèrriais culture often reflects historical narratives, Christian practices, and elements of nature.

11

Kadazandusun

Oitom
Opurak
Aragang
Osilou
Otomou
Obulou
Obuhog-buhog
Orin
Osoug
Buragang
Obuhog

Native to

Malaysia

Most spoken in

Malaysia

Native speakers

1,200,000

UNESCO Status

Safe

An Austronesian language, Kadazandusun was influenced by Malay, Indonesian, and English. Colors in Kadazandusun culture often have symbolic meanings tied to traditional customs and the Bornean environment.

6

Kadugli

u’du’du
aʔbasa
otɛ
agerikiri
ageri
u’du’du

Native to

Sudan

Most spoken in

Sudan

Native speakers

75000

UNESCO Status

Definitely Endangered

A Nubian language from Sudan, Kadugli was influenced by Arabic and other local languages. Colors in Kadugli culture often carry symbolic meanings tied to traditional customs, Islamic practices, and elements of nature.

6

Kaingang

kupri
kɔsɔŋ
mãrɛru
təŋ
təŋ

Native to

Brazil

Most spoken in

Brazil

Native speakers

15,000

UNESCO Status

Severely Endangered

A Macro-Jê language from Brazil, Kaingang was influenced by Portuguese and other indigenous languages. Colors in Kaingang culture often have symbolic meanings tied to traditional customs and the Brazilian environment.

10

Kam

nẳm
bạk
hià
mhãn
sủ
pả
mhãn
kàm
hià lhiẽn
hỏi

Native to

Russia

Most spoken in

Russia

Native speakers

1,600

UNESCO Status

Severely Endangered

A Tai-Kadai language from China, Kam was influenced by Chinese and Vietnamese. Color symbolism in Kam culture often reflects traditional customs, spiritual beliefs, and elements of nature.

11

Kannada

ಕಪ್ಪು
ಬಿಳಿ
ಕೆಂಪು
ಹಳದಿ
ಹಸಿರು
ನೀಲಿ
ಕಂದು
ಕಿತ್ತಳೆಬಣ್ಣ
ನೇರಲೆಬಣ್ಣ
ಗುಲಾಬಿಬಣ್ಣ
ಬೆಳ್ಳಿ

Native to

India

Most spoken in

India

Native speakers

45,000,000

UNESCO Status

Safe

A Dravidian language from India, Kannada was influenced by Sanskrit, Persian, and Arabic. Colors in Kannada culture often carry symbolic meanings tied to Hindu and Jain practices, nature, and social customs.

6

Kapucha

याका
यापुङ्
यालि॔नाग
नगे
जाय
दजे

Native to

Nigeria

Most spoken in

Nigeria

Native speakers

6,200

UNESCO Status

Critically Endangered

An indigenous language from Brazil, Kapucha was influenced by other Tupian languages. Color symbolism in Kapucha culture often relates to natural elements and animistic beliefs.

4

Karajá

iIəbɨ
ura
isɔ
ľɨre

Native to

Brazil

Most spoken in

Brazil

Native speakers

670

UNESCO Status

Critically Endangered

A Macro-Jê language from Brazil, Karajá was influenced by Portuguese and other indigenous languages. Colors in Karajá culture often have symbolic meanings tied to traditional customs and the Brazilian environment.

6

Karakalpak

қара
қуу
қырмызы
сары
жасыл
көк

Native to

Uzbekistan

Most spoken in

Uzbekistan

Native speakers

511,000

UNESCO Status

Definitely Endangered

A Turkic language from Uzbekistan, Karakalpak was influenced by Kazakh, Uzbek, and Russian. Color symbolism in Karakalpak culture often reflects traditional customs, Islamic practices, and the local environment.

11

Karelian

mutsa
valgei
ruskei
keldaine
vihandu
sinine
maksankarvine
oranževoi
fiolietovoi
rouzovoi
harmai

Native to

Russia

Most spoken in

Russia, Finland

Native speakers

100,000

UNESCO Status

Severely Endangered

A Finnic language from Russia, Karelian was influenced by Russian, Finnish, and Swedish. Colors in Karelian culture often carry symbolic meanings related to historical events, nature, and social customs.

6

Karipuna

nég
blã
huj
jón
viat
ble

Native to

Brazil

Most spoken in

Brazil

Native speakers

39

UNESCO Status

Severely Endangered

An Arawakan language from Brazil, Karipuna was influenced by Portuguese and other indigenous languages. Colors in Karipuna culture often have symbolic meanings tied to traditional customs and the Amazonian environment.

13

Kashubian

czôrny
biôłi
czerwiôny
żôłti
zelony
granatny
mòdri
bruny
apfelzynowi
pùrpùrny
lilewi
różewi
szari

Native to

Poland

Most spoken in

Poland

Native speakers

110,000

UNESCO Status

Severely Endangered

A Slavic language from Poland, Kashubian was influenced by Polish, German, and Latin. Color symbolism in Kashubian culture often reflects historical narratives, Christian practices, and elements of nature.

6

Kekchi

q̣eq
saq
kaq
ḳan
raš
raš

Native to

Guatemala

Most spoken in

Guatemala

Native speakers

700,000

UNESCO Status

Vulnerable

A Mayan language from Guatemala, Kekchi was influenced by Nahuatl and Spanish. Colors in Kekchi culture often carry symbolic meanings related to Mesoamerican cosmology and natural elements.

6

Kharia

karhaini
oselḍaˀ
gola, joŋgor
lila, piyar
hariyar
lil, nila

Native to

India

Most spoken in

India

Native speakers

272,000

UNESCO Status

Definitely Endangered

An Austroasiatic language from India, Kharia was influenced by Sanskrit and other local languages. Color symbolism in Kharia culture often reflects traditional customs, spiritual beliefs, and the local environment.

10

Khinalug

мичӀаь
хьырыцӀ
ал
кӀушкӀула
гог
цӀарцӀар
боьнуьш
махагула
чернил
боз

Native to

Azerbaijan

Most spoken in

Azerbaijan

Native speakers

1,500

UNESCO Status

Severely Endangered

A Northeast Caucasian language from Azerbaijan, Khinalug was influenced by Azeri and Russian. Colors in Khinalug culture often carry symbolic meanings tied to traditional customs, Islamic practices, and elements of nature.

11

Khmer

ខ្មៅ
ក្រហម
លឿង
បៃតង
ខៀវ
ត្នោត
ប៍នសលាតមុ
ស៊ីជំពូ
ពណ៌ផ្កាឈូក
ប្រផេះ

Native to

Cambodia

Most spoken in

Cambodia

Native speakers

16,300,000

UNESCO Status

Safe

An Austroasiatic language from Cambodia, Khmer was influenced by Sanskrit, Pali, and French. Colors in Khmer culture often carry symbolic meanings tied to nature, Buddhist practices, and social customs.

6

Kiribati

roroo
mainaina
uraura
babooboo
kiriin
mawaawa

Native to

Kiribati

Most spoken in

Kiribati

Native speakers

123,000

UNESCO Status

Definitely Endangered

A Micronesian language, Kiribati evolved with minimal influence from other languages. Color symbolism in Kiribati culture often reflects traditional customs, the local environment, and spiritual beliefs.

6

Komi

sʸöd
edžɩd
gör̃d
kolʸkviž
vež
löz

Native to

Russia

Most spoken in

Russia

Native speakers

322,000

UNESCO Status

Severely Endangered

A Uralic language from Russia, Komi was influenced by Russian and Tatar. Color symbolism in Komi culture often reflects traditional customs, Orthodox Christian practices, and the local environment.

11

Konkani

काळे
धवे
तंन्डे
हळ्दुवे
पाच्वे
नीळ
तांबझे
नारंगी
जांभळो
गुलाबी
गोबरो

Native to

India

Most spoken in

India

Native speakers

7,600,000

UNESCO Status

Vulnerable

An Indo-Aryan language from India, Konkani was influenced by Sanskrit, Persian, and Portuguese. Colors in Konkani culture often carry symbolic meanings tied to Hindu practices, nature, and social customs.

11

Korean

검은 색
하얀 색
빨간 색
노란 색
녹 색
파란 색
갈 색
오렌지 색
보라 색
분홍 색
회 색

Native to

South Korea, North Korea

Most spoken in

Korea

Native speakers

78,000,000

UNESCO Status

Safe

A language isolate from the Korean peninsula, Korean was influenced by Chinese and, in the modern period, by English. Colors in Korean culture often carry symbolic meanings tied to traditional customs, Confucian principles, and elements of nature.

6

Koromfe

bĩn-
pɔ̃n-
sɔm-
kɔ̃ɔ̃d-
kɛ̃ɛ̃
kɛ̃ɛ̃

Native to

Burkina Faso

Most spoken in

Burkina Faso

Native speakers

10,000

UNESCO Status

Severely Endangered

A Gur language from Burkina Faso, Koromfe was influenced by Mossi and French. Colors in Koromfe culture often carry symbolic meanings tied to traditional customs, Islamic practices, and elements of nature.

6

Kpelle

tɛi
kole
kpɔlu
kpeleŋ
laa-ŋunu
mu-tɛi-ɛɛ

Native to

Liberia

Most spoken in

Liberia

Native speakers

1,000,000

UNESCO Status

Safe

A Mande language from Liberia, Kpelle was influenced by English and other local languages. Colors in Kpelle culture often carry symbolic meanings tied to traditional customs, spiritual beliefs, and elements of nature.

6

Kumyk

къара
акъ
къызыл
сары
жасыл
кёк

Native to

Russia

Most spoken in

Russia

Native speakers

550,000

UNESCO Status

Definitely Endangered

A Turkic language from Dagestan, Kumyk was influenced by Russian, Azeri, and Dagestani languages. Colors in Kumyk culture often carry symbolic meanings tied to traditional customs, Islamic practices, and elements of nature.

6

Kunza

atchi
tarar
lari
ckaala
ckaari
selti

Native to

Chile

Most spoken in

Chile

Native speakers

0

UNESCO Status

Extinct

A language isolate from Chile, Kunza was influenced by Quechua and Spanish. Colors in Kunza culture often carry symbolic meanings tied to traditional customs and the Atacama desert environment.

11

Kurdish

reş
spî
sor
zer
kesk
şîn
qehweyî
pirteqalî
mor
sûf
gewr

Native to

Turkey, Iraq, Iran, Syria

Most spoken in

Turkey, Iraq, Iran, Syria

Native speakers

30,000,000

UNESCO Status

Definitely Endangered

An Indo-Iranian language from Kurdistan, Kurdish was influenced by Arabic, Persian, and Turkish. Colors in Kurdish culture often carry symbolic meanings tied to traditional customs, Islamic practices, and elements of nature.

6

Kuwi

କଅଋିନି
ପଅଣ୍ଡ୍ରି, ଓେଲ୍ଲ
ଲୋନ୍ଗ
ହିଇଗିରି
ଅଅକୁପଚ୍ଚ
ନିଲ୍ଯ

Native to

Indonesia

Most spoken in

Indonesia

Native speakers

2,000

UNESCO Status

Severely Endangered

A Dravidian language from India, Kuwi was influenced by Telugu and Oriya. Colors in Kuwi culture often carry symbolic meanings tied to traditional customs, Hindu practices, and elements of nature.

6

K’iche’ Maya

q̣eq
səq
kaq
q̣ən
rəš
rəš

Native to

Guatemala

Most spoken in

Guatemala

Native speakers

1,900,000

UNESCO Status

Definitely Endangered

K'iche', a Mayan language spoken in Guatemala, reflects a rich indigenous culture. Colors in K'iche' culture often carry symbolic meanings tied to their ancient Mayan heritage, traditional practices, and the highland's environment.

6

Ladino

פריטו
בלאנקו
בירמיג׳ו
אמארײאו
ב׳ידרי
אזול

Native to

Israel, Turkey

Most spoken in

Israel, Turkey

Native speakers

150,000

UNESCO Status

Severely Endangered

A Romance language from the Jewish diaspora, Ladino was influenced by Hebrew, Turkish, and various European languages. Colors in Ladino culture often carry symbolic meanings tied to Jewish traditions, historical narratives, and elements of nature.

14

Lakota

sápa
ská
šá
tɦózi
tɦó
tɦósapa
tɦósaŋ
ǧí
zíša
tɦóša
šásaŋ
sáŋ
ɦóta

Native to

United States

Most spoken in

United States

Native speakers

2,000

UNESCO Status

Severely Endangered

A Siouan language from the United States, Lakota was influenced by English and other Native American languages. Colors in Lakota culture often carry symbolic meanings tied to traditional customs, spiritual beliefs, and elements of nature.

6

Lao

ດຳ
ກາວ
ສີແໆງ
ສີເຫລືອງ
ສີຂຽວ
ສີຟ້າ

Native to

Laos

Most spoken in

Laos

Native speakers

3,000,000

UNESCO Status

Vulnerable

A Tai-Kadai language from Laos, Lao was influenced by Pali, Sanskrit, and French. Colors in Lao culture often carry symbolic meanings tied to nature, Buddhist practices, and social customs.

11

Latvian

melns
balts
sarkans
dzeltens
zaļš
zils
brūns
oranžs
purpursarkana
rozā
pelēks

Native to

Latvia

Most spoken in

Latvia

Native speakers

1,500,000

UNESCO Status

Safe

A Baltic language from Latvia, Latvian was influenced by German, Russian, and Swedish. Colors in Latvian culture often carry symbolic meanings tied to nature, historical narratives, and social customs.

6

Limbu

kumakla
kubhɔra
kuhetla
omdaŋba
kuhikla
sahiʔl

Native to

Nepal

Most spoken in

Nepal

Native speakers

40,840

UNESCO Status

Vulnerable

Limbu is a Sino-Tibetan language predominantly spoken in Nepal, influenced by Nepali and Tibetan. The significance of color within Limbu culture often aligns with their native beliefs and rituals, often reflecting the diverse elements of their Himalayan surroundings.

11

Lithuanian

juoda
balta
raudona
geltona
žalia
mėlyna
ruda
oranžinė
violetinė
rožinė
pilka

Native to

Lithuania

Most spoken in

Lithuania

Native speakers

3,000,000

UNESCO Status

Safe

Lithuanian, part of the Baltic language group, preserved ancient Indo-European elements while being influenced by Polish, Russian, and German. Lithuanian culture infuses colors with layers of meaning tied to their historical narratives, nature, and Pagan traditions.

7

Livonian

mustā
vālda
punni
vīri
sinni
rōza
ǭ’gi

Native to

Latvia

Most spoken in

Latvia, Estonia

Native speakers

0

UNESCO Status

Extinct

An extinct Finnic language once spoken in Latvia, Livonian interacted with Latvian and Estonian. Livonian culture interpreted colors in connection with the Baltic Sea environment, reflecting their unique folklore and natural symbolism.

11

Livvi-Karelian

mutsu
valgei
ruskei
keldu
vihandu
sinine
maksankarvine
oranževoi
fiolietovoi
rouzovoi
harmai

Native to

Russia, Finland

Most spoken in

Russia, Finland

Native speakers

8,000

UNESCO Status

Severely Endangered

This Finnic language, spoken in parts of Russia and Finland, exhibits influences from Russian, Finnish, and Karelian. Colors in Livvi-Karelian society generally correspond to natural elements and cultural practices, underscoring their unique traditions and local environment.

11

Lombard

négher
bianch
ros
zald
verd
blö
marú
aranciú
viola
roza
gris

Native to

Italy

Most spoken in

Italy

Native speakers

3,000,000

UNESCO Status

Definitely Endangered

Lombard, a Gallo-Italic language of Northern Italy and Switzerland, underwent significant influence from Italian, German, and French. Color symbolism in Lombard culture often mirrors their regional customs, Catholic practices, and diverse natural landscapes.

6

Luaniua

uliʔuli
maʔiŋi
mea
helo
kea
pala

Native to

Solomon Islands

Most spoken in

Solomon Islands

Native speakers

2,500

UNESCO Status

Definitely Endangered

Spoken in the Solomon Islands, Luaniua, a Polynesian language, displays minimal outside influences. Colors play a crucial role in Luaniua society, echoing their marine environment, ancestral customs, and spiritual beliefs.

6

Luba

fitùtùu
-tòòke
-kunze
kàlaabi
lubìšibiši
-a cyuluulu

Native to

Democratic Republic of Congo

Most spoken in

Democratic Republic of Congo

Native speakers

6,600,000

UNESCO Status

Safe

Luba-Kasai is a Bantu language from the Democratic Republic of Congo, which has been shaped by Swahili and French. The Luba people imbue colors with symbolic meanings, drawing on their traditional customs, natural elements, and spiritual practices.

7

Ludic

must
valged
keld
vihand
siniine
rusked
huahk

Native to

Russia

Most spoken in

Russia

Native speakers

200

UNESCO Status

Critically Endangered

Part of the Finnic languages, Ludic was impacted by Russian and Karelian. Ludic society incorporates colors with specific meanings associated with their traditional lore, Orthodox Christian practices, and their subarctic environment.

11

Luxembourgish

schwaarz
wäiss
rout
giel
gréng
blo
brong
orange
mof
rosa
gro

Native to

Luxembourg

Most spoken in

Luxembourg

Native speakers

390,000

UNESCO Status

Definitely Endangered

A West Germanic language, Luxembourgish absorbed French, German, and Latin influences. Colors in Luxembourgish culture are laden with meanings derived from their historical narratives, Catholic traditions, and local nature.

11

Macedonian

црно
бело
црвено
жолто
зелено
сино
кафеаво
портокалово
виолетово
розево
сиво

Native to

North Macedonia

Most spoken in

North Macedonia, Albania, Bulgaria, Greece

Native speakers

2,000,000

UNESCO Status

Safe

Macedonian, a South Slavic language, was influenced by Greek, Albanian, Turkish, and Serbo-Croatian. Macedonians' interpretation of colors often incorporates traditional folklore, Christian practices, and their unique Balkan environment.

5

Machiguenga

potsiari
kútari
kiraári
kiteri
kamachonkari

Native to

Peru

Most spoken in

Peru

Native speakers

6,000

UNESCO Status

Definitely Endangered

A language of the Arawakan family, Machiguenga, native to Peru, experienced Spanish influence. Machiguenga culture assigns significant symbolism to colors, which often represent aspects of their Amazonian habitat and traditional customs.

6

Macushi

arikkɨtun
aimutun
suuyu
aʔmutun
rora
rora

Native to

Guyana, Brazil

Most spoken in

Guyana, Brazil

Native speakers

30,000

UNESCO Status

Severely Endangered

Macushi, a Cariban language spoken in Brazil and Guyana, has been influenced by Portuguese and English. Macushi culture integrates colors as symbolic elements reflecting their indigenous customs, spiritual beliefs, and tropical surroundings.

6

Maia

gigir
usua
kedat
aligam
koborum
maribuka

Native to

Papua New Guinea

Most spoken in

Papua New Guinea

Native speakers

3,000

UNESCO Status

Critically Endangered

An extinct Mayan language, Maia incorporated influences from other Mayan languages. Colors within Maia culture were tied closely to their spiritual practices, societal norms, and Mesoamerican environment.

6

Makishi

nea
bo-
ma
sʋñohaihʋ̨
bodi hą
bodi hą

Native to

Peru

Most spoken in

Peru

Native speakers

60

UNESCO Status

Critically Endangered

Makishi is a Bantu language spoken in Zambia. Color symbolism in Makishi culture often reflects traditional practices, societal norms, and the vibrant sub-Saharan environment.

8

Malagasy

mainty
fotsy
mena
vonivony
maitso
manga
volom-boasary
mavokely

Native to

Madagascar

Most spoken in

Madagascar

Native speakers

20,000,000

UNESCO Status

Safe

An Austronesian language spoken in Madagascar, Malagasy has undergone influence from French, Arabic, and Bantu languages. Malagasy society invests colors with symbolic meanings that often pertain to their distinct biodiversity, customs, and religious practices.

11

Malay

hitam
putih
merah
kuning
hijau
biru
warna perang
warna oren
ungu
merah jambu
kelabu

Native to

Malaysia, Indonesia

Most spoken in

Malaysia, Indonesia, Brunei, Singapore

Native speakers

290,000,000

UNESCO Status

Safe

Malay, an Austronesian language spoken widely in Malaysia and Indonesia, mirrors the region's diverse cultural influences. Its color symbolism often ties back to the environment, traditional customs, and a mix of Islamic, Hindu, and Buddhist practices.

11

Malayalam

കറപ്പു
വെളുപ്പു
ചെമപ്പു
മഞ
പച്ച
നീല
കാക്കി
കിര്‍മ്മീരം
ഊത
പാടലവര്‍ണ്ണം
ചാരനിറമാ

Native to

India

Most spoken in

India

Native speakers

38,000,000

UNESCO Status

Safe

A Dravidian language spoken in the Indian state of Kerala, Malayalam exhibits a rich cultural tapestry. Color symbolism in Malayalam culture frequently aligns with their unique environmental features, societal hierarchies, and religious customs.

5

Maldivian

kalu
hudu
rai

Native to

Maldives

Most spoken in

Maldives

Native speakers

310,000

UNESCO Status

Definitely Endangered

Maldivian, or Dhivehi, is an Indo-Aryan language from the Maldives. In its culture, color symbolism often reflects the stunning natural beauty of the islands, Islamic beliefs, and societal norms.

11

Maltese

iswed
abjad
ahmar
isfar
aħdar
blu
kannella
orinġ
vjola
roża
griż

Native to

Malta

Most spoken in

Malta

Native speakers

520,000

UNESCO Status

Definitely Endangered

As the national language of Malta, Maltese is a Semitic language influenced by Italian and English. Color symbolism in Maltese culture often ties back to the Mediterranean landscape, Christian practices, and historical narratives.

5

Malto

मड़्ग्रो
बोग्लि
क़ैसो
बाल्को
क़ेन्मिना

Native to

India

Most spoken in

India

Native speakers

80,000

UNESCO Status

Definitely Endangered

Malto is a Dravidian language spoken primarily in parts of India and Bangladesh. The cultural significance of colors in Malto society often reflects the traditional agricultural practices, tribal rituals, and local ecology.

6

Mam

q’eq’
sak
kyaq
sak q’ent
cha’x
xew

Native to

Guatemala

Most spoken in

Guatemala

Native speakers

470,000

UNESCO Status

Definitely Endangered

An indigenous Mayan language spoken in Guatemala and Mexico, Mam color symbolism is rooted in their traditional customs, nature, and ancient Mayan beliefs.

5

Mamanwa

maʔitɨm
mapotik
mararag
madolaw
grin

Native to

Philippines

Most spoken in

Philippines

Native speakers

1,500

UNESCO Status

Critically Endangered

A regional language of the Philippines, Mamanwa reflects the local Agusan-Manobo culture. Colors in Mamanwa culture often bear symbolic meanings related to the dense forest environment, traditional practices, and societal norms.

6

Manado

svartine
hvetine
kirmine
sardine
yerkine
azurine

Native to

Indonesia

Most spoken in

Indonesia

Native speakers

850,000

UNESCO Status

Definitely Endangered

Spoken in the North Sulawesi province of Indonesia, Manado Malay has strong influences from the Portuguese, Dutch, and local Minahasan culture. The symbolism of colors often mirrors the region's unique biodiversity, Christian practices, and societal customs.

6

Manchu

sahaliyan
šaŋǧan
fulǧan
hūwaŋ
ñovanɣan
kūke

Native to

China

Most spoken in

China

Native speakers

50

UNESCO Status

Critically Endangered

Manchu, a Tungusic language from Northeast China, has historic importance. In Manchu culture, colors carry significance often tied to their traditional customs, historical narratives, and natural environment.

6

Mandinka

fiŋ
koy
wuleeta
netemunku
jambakere
buluu

Native to

Senegal, Gambia, Guinea-Bissau

Most spoken in

Senegal, Gambia, Guinea-Bissau

Native speakers

2,000,000

UNESCO Status

Definitely Endangered

Mandinka is a Mande language spoken in West Africa, notably in Gambia, Senegal, and Guinea. Colors in Mandinka culture have deep connections to their Islamic practices, local environment, and social structures.

6

Mansi

semil
woykan
kelp
wosʸr̃am
nʸar̃pumospa
etar̃xar̃ʸi

Native to

Russia

Most spoken in

Russia

Native speakers

1,000

UNESCO Status

Critically Endangered

Mansi is a Uralic language spoken in Russia. The Mansi people often attribute colors to symbolic meanings tied to the Siberian natural environment, traditional customs, and folklore.

11

Manx

doo
bane
jiarg
bwee
glass
gorrym
dhoan
jiarg-bwee
gorrym jiarg
bane-yiarg
lheeah

Native to

Isle of Man

Most spoken in

Isle of Man

Native speakers

1,800

UNESCO Status

Critically Endangered

Manx, a Celtic language, was once spoken on the Isle of Man. The symbolism of colors in Manx culture encapsulates the island's unique natural environment, Celtic traditions, and historical narratives.

6

Maore

ndzilu
ndjeu
nzukundru
dzindzano
veri
bile

Native to

Mayotte

Most spoken in

Mayotte

Native speakers

70,000

UNESCO Status

Definitely Endangered

Maore, or Shimaore, is a Bantu language spoken in the Comoros and Mayotte. Colors in Maore culture often carry symbolic meanings tied to their Islamic practices, traditional customs, and island environment.

6

Mapudungun

korɨ
liɣ
kelɨ
čoθ
karɨ
kalʸfɨ

Native to

Chile, Argentina

Most spoken in

Chile, Argentina

Native speakers

440,000

UNESCO Status

Definitely Endangered

Spoken by the Mapuche people in Chile and Argentina, Mapudungun reflects an enduring indigenous culture. Colors in Mapudungun culture often carry symbolic meanings tied to their natural environment, spiritual beliefs, and societal structures.

14

Maranao

maitem
mapotiq
kanaoai
binabinaning
gadong
biro
kintem
ilem
limba
korit
inampai
kalas
logem

Native to

Philippines

Most spoken in

Philippines

Native speakers

1,700,000

UNESCO Status

Definitely Endangered

An Austronesian language spoken by the Maranao people in the southern Philippines, Maranao culture often assigns colors symbolic meanings reflecting Islamic practices, traditional customs, and the rich biodiversity of Mindanao.

11

Marathi

काळा
पांढऱा
लाल
पिवळा
हिरवा
निळा
तपकिरी
कॆशरी
जांभळा
गुलाबी
राखाडी

Native to

India

Most spoken in

India

Native speakers

83,000,000

UNESCO Status

Safe

Marathi, an Indo-Aryan language spoken in the Indian state of Maharashtra, is rich in cultural significance. Colors in Marathi culture often carry symbolic meanings tied to Hindu practices, local traditions, and societal norms.

6

Mari

šem
joškár
nə́rɪnče
sə́wɪn
kánde

Native to

Russia

Most spoken in

Russia

Native speakers

550,000

UNESCO Status

Definitely Endangered

Mari is a Uralic language spoken by the Mari people in Russia. The Mari culture frequently uses colors to symbolize connections to nature, traditional practices, and societal structures.

8

Matacoan

yakut
klim
yuk
kojiyaj
sajech t'afhku7t
yakaá
tôjiyaj
tôjiyaj

Native to

Paraguay

Most spoken in

Paraguay

Native speakers

10,000

UNESCO Status

Definitely Endangered

The Matacoan languages, spoken by the Wichi people in Argentina and Bolivia, often attribute symbolic meanings to colors reflecting their traditional practices, spiritual beliefs, and the Gran Chaco region's environment.

6

Mauritian

nwar
blan
ruz
zonn
ver
ble

Native to

Mauritius

Most spoken in

Mauritius

Native speakers

1,100,000

UNESCO Status

Definitely Endangered

Mauritian, or Mauritian Creole, is a French-based creole language spoken in Mauritius. Color symbolism in Mauritian culture often reflects their multiethnic society, island environment, and a mix of African, Indian, and European influences.

5

Maxakalí

mũnĩy
ponnok
xutta
ãta
yĩxux
yĩxux

Native to

Brazil

Most spoken in

Brazil

Native speakers

1,200

UNESCO Status

Critically Endangered

Spoken by the Maxakalí people in Brazil, Maxakalí is a Macro-Jê language. The cultural significance of colors often reflects their indigenous traditions, spiritual beliefs, and local environment.

6

Mehri

ḥōwer
ewbōn
ʔōfer
kerkēm
heźáwr
heźáwr

Native to

Oman, Yemen

Most spoken in

Oman, Yemen

Native speakers

75,000

UNESCO Status

Severely Endangered

Mehri, a Modern South Arabian language, is spoken in Yemen and Oman. Colors in Mehri culture often carry symbolic meanings tied to the desert environment, tribal customs, and Islamic practices.

6

Mende

tle
aku aku
nalo
aflornivi
sembe
apmarjere

Native to

Sierra Leone

Most spoken in

Sierra Leone

Native speakers

1,500,000

UNESCO Status

Definitely Endangered

Mende is a Mande language spoken by the Mende people in Sierra Leone. Color symbolism in Mende culture often reflects their traditional practices, societal norms, and natural surroundings.

6

Micmac

maqtewék
wapék
mekwék
wisawék
stoqonamúk
ewnék

Native to

Canada

Most spoken in

Canada

Native speakers

3,700

UNESCO Status

Critically Endangered

Micmac, or Mi'kmaw, is an Eastern Algonquian language spoken by the Mi'kmaq people in Canada. The cultural significance of colors often reflects their traditional customs, spiritual beliefs, and the natural landscapes of eastern Canada.

6

Mishmi

ल्यो
शि
मिङ्
तङ
प्रु

Native to

India, China

Most spoken in

India, China

Native speakers

70,000

UNESCO Status

Definitely Endangered

Mishmi or Dulong is a Tibeto-Burman language spoken in India and China. Color symbolism in Mishmi culture often aligns with their traditional customs, spiritual practices, and the surrounding Himalayan environment.

6

Miskito

siksa
pihnka
pauni
lalahni
kurra
sangni

Native to

Nicaragua, Honduras

Most spoken in

Nicaragua, Honduras

Native speakers

160,000

UNESCO Status

Definitely Endangered

An indigenous language spoken in Nicaragua and Honduras, Miskito reflects a vibrant Central American culture. Colors in Miskito culture often carry symbolic meanings tied to their traditional practices, societal norms, and tropical environment.

6

Mocoví

n-aweʔ
y-alagaḳ
tok
ḳoɲi
r-adala
l-kolaḳ

Native to

Argentina

Most spoken in

Argentina

Native speakers

2,000

UNESCO Status

Critically Endangered

Mocoví, a Guaicuruan language spoken in Argentina, often assigns symbolic meanings to colors reflecting their indigenous traditions, spiritual beliefs, and unique environment of the Gran Chaco region.

12

Mohawk

kahòn:tsi
karà:ken
onekwénhtara
otsì:nekwahr
óhonte
oròn:ia
athéhsa
wathehsarà:ken
otiarèn:ta
ariwa'konhné:ha
washén:ra
ata'kenhróhkwa

Native to

Canada, United States

Most spoken in

Canada, United States

Native speakers

3,800

UNESCO Status

Critically Endangered

Spoken by the Mohawk people, a part of the Iroquoian language family, color symbolism often mirrors their rich traditional customs, spiritual beliefs, and the diverse North American landscapes.

6

Mokilese

soal
korohro
wahssa
roangroang
krihn
puluh

Native to

Micronesia

Most spoken in

Micronesia

Native speakers

3,500

UNESCO Status

Critically Endangered

Mokilese, a Micronesian language spoken on the Mokil Atoll in Micronesia, often attributes color symbolism tied to their island environment, traditional practices, and societal norms.

11

Mongolian

хар
цагаан
улаан
шар
ногоон
хөх
хүрэн
улбар шар
ягаан хөх
ягаан
саарал

Native to

Mongolia

Most spoken in

Mongolia, China

Native speakers

7,000,000

UNESCO Status

Definitely Endangered

Mongolian is a Central Mongolic language spoken in Mongolia. The cultural significance of colors in Mongolian society often mirrors their nomadic lifestyle, Buddhist practices, and the striking landscapes of the Mongolian steppe.

6

Mundurukú

i-ok
i-rɨt
i-pak-pɨk
i-pekpɨk
-rem-rɨm
i-rem-rɨm

Native to

Brazil

Most spoken in

Brazil

Native speakers

8,000

UNESCO Status

Severely Endangered

Mundurukú, a Tupian language spoken by the Mundurukú people in Brazil, often assigns colors symbolic meanings reflecting their indigenous traditions, spiritual beliefs, and Amazonian environment.

14

Māori

mangu
taitea
whero
kōwhai
moata
kākāriki
pukepoto
purū
kākaka
karaka
pāpura
māwhero
mōhinahina

Native to

New Zealand

Most spoken in

New Zealand

Native speakers

100,000

UNESCO Status

Definitely Endangered

Māori, an Eastern Polynesian language, is spoken by the Māori people of New Zealand. The cultural significance of colors in Māori society is deeply woven into their tribal customs, mythology, and the natural landscapes of New Zealand.

6

Nafusi

zeṭṭåf
mellel
zuggaġ
illéṣfår
werraġ
werraġ

Native to

Libya

Most spoken in

Libya

Native speakers

140,000

UNESCO Status

Severely Endangered

Nafusi, a Berber language spoken in Libya and Tunisia, often attributes colors symbolic meanings tied to their traditional customs, Islamic practices, and the Sahara's environment.

10

Nahuatl

tliltic
iztac
chichiltic
coztic
xoxoctic
texotic
chocolatic
xochipalli
tlaztalehualli
nextic

Native to

Mexico

Most spoken in

Mexico

Native speakers

1,376,360

UNESCO Status

Safe

Nahuatl, an Uto-Aztecan language spoken in Mexico, reflects a rich indigenous culture. Colors in Nahuatl culture carry symbolic meanings tied to their ancient Aztec heritage, traditional practices, and natural surroundings.

14

Navajo

tsídii
łigai
łichííʼ
łitso
dinooltłʼizh
dootłʼizh
dootłʼizhii
dinilzhin
łichxíʼí
łitsxo
tsédídééh
dinilchíí
łibá
dinilzhin

Native to

United States

Most spoken in

United States

Native speakers

169,000

UNESCO Status

Definitely Endangered

Navajo, an Apachean language spoken in the Southwestern United States, often assigns symbolic meanings to colors related to their traditional customs, spiritual beliefs, and the desert landscapes.

11

Nepali

रङ्ग
सेतो
रातो
पहेंलो
हरियो
निलो
खैरो
सुन्तले
बैजनी
गुलाफी
खरानी

Native to

Nepal

Most spoken in

Nepal, India, Bhutan

Native speakers

23,500,000

UNESCO Status

Definitely Endangered

Nepali, an Indo-Aryan language, is the official language of Nepal. Color symbolism in Nepali culture often reflects Hindu and Buddhist practices, traditional customs, and the diverse Himalayan environment.

6

Nganasan

heŋkə
si̮rajkuo
d’abakuo
tod’akuo
ŋind a˝si̮e
ŋind a˝si̮e

Native to

Russia

Most spoken in

Russia

Native speakers

1,000

UNESCO Status

Critically Endangered

Nganasan is a Samoyedic language spoken in Russia's Arctic region. The cultural significance of colors often mirrors their traditional practices, spiritual beliefs, and the Siberian tundra's environment.

6

Ninam

uši
šîe
ĩe
walapasipi
palahi
palahi

Native to

Brazil

Most spoken in

Brazil

Native speakers

520

UNESCO Status

Critically Endangered

Ninam is a Yanomaman language spoken in Brazil and Venezuela. Colors in Ninam culture often carry symbolic meanings tied to their indigenous traditions, spiritual beliefs, and Amazonian environment.

6

Nivkh

vulvələǵ
ḳonuǵ
paḥla
ĕvrḳvala
ńlajsvalaǵ
təl

Native to

Russia

Most spoken in

Russia

Native speakers

50

UNESCO Status

Critically Endangered

Nivkh, an isolate language spoken in Eastern Russia, often assigns colors symbolic meanings tied to their traditional practices, societal norms, and the surrounding Siberian environment.

6

Nogai

кара
ак
кызыл
сары
коьк
коьк

Native to

Russia

Most spoken in

Russia

Native speakers

78,000

UNESCO Status

Severely Endangered

Nogai, a Turkic language spoken by the Nogai people in Russia, often attributes symbolic meanings to colors reflecting their nomadic heritage, Islamic practices, and the steppe's environment.

6

Nomatsig’ga

tsitari
kátari
kiraári
kateríri
kaniari
kisaári

Native to

India

Most spoken in

India

Native speakers

1,000

UNESCO Status

Critically Endangered

Nomatsigenga is an Arawakan language spoken in Peru. Colors in Nomatsigenga culture often carry symbolic meanings tied to their indigenous traditions, spiritual beliefs, and Amazonian environment.

6

Nootka

topk-
λˀic̄-
λˀiḥ-
ḥic̄-pˀiq-
kistaq-
kinˀic̄-

Native to

Canada

Most spoken in

Canada

Native speakers

200

UNESCO Status

Critically Endangered

Nootka, or Nuu-chah-nulth, is a Wakashan language spoken in Western Canada. The cultural significance of colors often mirrors their traditional practices, spiritual beliefs, and the Pacific Northwestern environment.

11

Norwegian

svart
hvit
rød
gul
grønn
blå
brun
oransje
lilla
rosa
grå

Native to

Norway

Most spoken in

Norway

Native speakers

5,000,000

UNESCO Status

Safe

Norwegian, a North Germanic language spoken in Norway, often assigns symbolic meanings to colors reflecting their Scandinavian customs, Christian practices, and the diverse Norwegian landscapes.

6

Nyankore

rukwiragura
-rukwera
-rukutukura
-engere
kinyansi
obwato

Native to

Uganda

Most spoken in

Uganda

Native speakers

3,000,000

UNESCO Status

Safe

Nyankore, also known as Nkore, is a Bantu language spoken in Uganda. Color symbolism in Nyankore culture often reflects traditional practices, societal norms, and the lush East African environment.

6

Ocaina

hɯ’tóːfɯ
furąña
tsíːo
bóːra
hiáː’o
moxóːso

Native to

Peru

Most spoken in

Peru

Native speakers

2,000

UNESCO Status

Critically Endangered

Ocaina is a Witotoan language spoken in Colombia and Peru. Colors in Ocaina culture often carry symbolic meanings tied to their indigenous traditions, spiritual beliefs, and Amazonian environment.

11

Occitan

negre
blanc
roge
jaune
verd
blau
brun
irange
violet
ròse
gris

Native to

France

Most spoken in

France

Native speakers

2,100,000

UNESCO Status

Definitely Endangered

Occitan, a Romance language spoken in Southern France, often attributes colors symbolic meanings reflecting their traditional customs, Christian practices, and the Mediterranean's environment.

8

Odia

କଳା (kaḷā)
ଧଳା (dhaḷā)
ନାଲି (nāli)
ହଳଦୀଆ (haḷadī'ā)
ସବୁଜ (sabuja)
ନୀଳ (nīḷa)
ମାଟିଆ (māṭi'ā)
ଧୂଷର (dhūṣara)

Native to

India

Most spoken in

India

Native speakers

37,000,000

UNESCO Status

Safe

Odia, an Indo-Aryan language, is the official language of the Indian state of Odisha. The cultural significance of colors in Odia society often mirrors Hindu practices, traditional customs, and the lush Indian environment.

6

Oneida

-aˀswʌˀt-
-wiskliyo-
onikwʌ́htalaˀ
otsínkwal
awʌ·lá
olú·yaˀ

Native to

United States

Most spoken in

United States

Native speakers

1,500

UNESCO Status

Critically Endangered

Oneida, an Iroquoian language spoken in the United States and Canada, often attributes symbolic meanings to colors reflecting their traditional practices, spiritual beliefs, and the North American environment.

6

Ossetic

sau
urs
sɪrx
bur
c̣æx
ærwxwɪz

Native to

Russia, Georgia

Most spoken in

Russia, Georgia

Native speakers

480,000

UNESCO Status

Definitely Endangered

Ossetic, an Iranian language spoken in Ossetia, a region in the Caucasus. Color symbolism in Ossetic culture often reflects their traditional customs, Christian and Islamic practices, and the rugged Caucasus landscapes.

11

Otomi

mboi
t'axi
theni
k'ast'í
k'angí
íxki
dëjü
nanxa
kuhu
noxa
'bospí

Native to

Mexico

Most spoken in

Mexico

Native speakers

245,000

UNESCO Status

Definitely Endangered

Otomi, an Oto-Pamean language spoken in Mexico, often assigns symbolic meanings to colors reflecting their indigenous traditions, spiritual beliefs, and the diverse Mexican environment.

6

Palauan

bechachás
becheleléu
bekerkárd
bibrúrek
begendelabib
mellemáu

Native to

Palau

Most spoken in

Palau

Native speakers

17,000

UNESCO Status

Severely Endangered

Palauan is an Austronesian language spoken in Palau. The cultural significance of colors often mirrors their island environment, traditional customs, and societal norms.

11

Pampangan

matuling
maputi
malutu
culul ebun
berdi
asul
culul chuclati
culul salmon
culul ubi
rosas
culul abu

Native to

Philippines

Most spoken in

Philippines

Native speakers

2,000,000

UNESCO Status

Vulnerable

An Austronesian language from the Philippines, Pampangan was influenced by Malay, Spanish, and English. Colors in Pampangan culture often carry symbolic meanings tied to traditional customs, Catholic practices, and elements of nature.

6

Panare

tɨ-puku-re
tamuʔɲe
t-ukin-ke
t-ukin-ke
t-akuˀya-ke
t-akuˀya-ke

Native to

Venezuela

Most spoken in

Venezuela

Native speakers

2,400

UNESCO Status

Critically Endangered

Panare, a Cariban language spoken in Venezuela, often assigns colors symbolic meanings reflecting their indigenous traditions, spiritual beliefs, and Amazonian environment.

11

Papiamento

pretu
blanku
kòrá
geel, hel
berdè
blou
maron
orañe
lila
ros
shinishi

Native to

Aruba, Curaçao, Bonaire

Most spoken in

Aruba, Curaçao, Bonaire

Native speakers

330,000

UNESCO Status

Definitely Endangered

Papiamento, a Portuguese-based Creole language spoken in the Caribbean, often attributes colors symbolic meanings tied to their multicultural society, island environment, and European, African, and Amerindian influences.

11

Pashto

تور
سپينرنگہ
سور
ژېړ
شين
شين
نسواري
نا رنجې
ارغواني
ګلابي
خاكي

Native to

Afghanistan, Pakistan

Most spoken in

Afghanistan, Pakistan

Native speakers

62,000,000

UNESCO Status

Safe

Pashto, an Iranian language, is one of the official languages of Afghanistan. The cultural significance of colors in Pashto society often reflects Islamic practices, traditional customs, and the rugged landscapes of Central Asia.

6

Paumarí

bara-
bokho-
dana-
notxoro-
ajamo-
koriki

Native to

Brazil

Most spoken in

Brazil

Native speakers

250

UNESCO Status

Critically Endangered

Paumarí, an Arawan language spoken in Brazil, often assigns symbolic meanings to colors reflecting their indigenous traditions, spiritual beliefs, and the Amazon's environment.

6

Pazeh

dərəxə́n
isiláu
lubaːhiŋ
tabaːrák
maŋa ːyáh
turulich

Native to

Taiwan

Most spoken in

Taiwan

Native speakers

0

UNESCO Status

Extinct

Pazeh, a nearly extinct Austronesian language spoken in Taiwan, reflects the traditional customs and beliefs of the Pazeh people. Colors in Pazeh culture carry symbolic meanings tied to their ancient heritage and Taiwan's environment.

11

Persian

سياه
سفيد
قرمز
زرد
سبز
آبى
قهوه ای
نارنجی
بنفش
صورتی
خاکستری

Native to

Iran, Afghanistan

Most spoken in

Iran, Afghanistan, Tajikistan

Native speakers

110,000,000

UNESCO Status

Safe

Persian, or Farsi, is an Iranian language spoken in Iran, Afghanistan, and Tajikistan. Color symbolism in Persian culture often reflects Islamic practices, ancient Persian heritage, and the diverse Middle Eastern environment.

6

Pilagá

l-eed-aʁaik
y-apagaḳ
toomaʁadaik
yo-ḳowi
d-adala
malaʁad-aik

Native to

Argentina

Most spoken in

Argentina

Native speakers

3,000

UNESCO Status

Critically Endangered

Pilagá, a Guaicuruan language spoken in Argentina, often attributes symbolic meanings to colors reflecting their indigenous traditions, spiritual beliefs, and the environment of the Gran Chaco region.

2

Pirahã

Native to

Brazil

Most spoken in

Brazil

Native speakers

420

UNESCO Status

Critically Endangered

Pirahã, an isolate language spoken in Brazil, often assigns colors symbolic meanings reflecting their unique societal norms, spiritual beliefs, and Amazonian environment.

6

Pitta Pitta

tympa
warrhaputha
kurrhi~
parrhu~
kalyirrhka
tympa

Native to

Australia

Most spoken in

Australia

Native speakers

10

UNESCO Status

Critically Endangered

Pitta Pitta is an extinct Australian Aboriginal language. The cultural significance of colors often mirrored their traditional practices, spiritual beliefs, and the Australian outback's environment.

11

Polish

czarny
biały
czerwony
żółty
zielony
niebieski
brązowy
pomarańczowy
fioletowy
różowy
szary

Native to

Poland

Most spoken in

Poland, United States, Canada

Native speakers

45,000,000

UNESCO Status

Safe

Polish is a West Slavic language spoken in Poland. The cultural significance of colors in Polish society often reflects Christian practices, traditional customs, and the diverse landscapes of Central Europe.

6

Ponapean

toantoal
pwetepwet
weitahta
oaŋoahŋ
pohndihpw
mei

Native to

Micronesia

Most spoken in

Micronesia

Native speakers

30,000

UNESCO Status

Severely Endangered

Ponapean, an Austronesian language spoken in the Federated States of Micronesia, often attributes symbolic meanings to colors reflecting their island environment, traditional practices, and societal norms.

11

Portuguese

preto
branco
vermelho
amarelo
verde
azul
castanho
laranja
violeta
rosa
cinzento

Native to

Portugal, Brazil

Most spoken in

Portugal, Brazil, Angola, Mozambique

Native speakers

270,000,000

UNESCO Status

Safe

Portuguese, a Romance language, is the official language of Portugal and Brazil among others. Color symbolism in Portuguese culture often mirrors Catholic practices, traditional customs, and the diverse environments of the Lusophone world.

6

Potawatomi

muktĕ
wapškyak
mĕskwak
wisawa
eškbak
wičapkwak

Native to

United States, Canada

Most spoken in

United States, Canada

Native speakers

400

UNESCO Status

Critically Endangered

Potawatomi, an Algonquian language spoken in the United States and Canada, often assigns symbolic meanings to colors reflecting their traditional practices, spiritual beliefs, and North American environment.

6

Puinave

-pik
-bək
-kət
-hut
-ãk
-ãk

Native to

Colombia, Venezuela

Most spoken in

Colombia, Venezuela

Native speakers

2,500

UNESCO Status

Definitely Endangered

Puinave, an isolate language spoken in Colombia, often attributes symbolic meanings to colors reflecting their indigenous traditions, spiritual beliefs, and Amazonian environment.

6

Pulaar

ɓaleejo
daneejo
boɗeejo
oolo
haako-
bulo

Native to

Senegal, Mauritania, Guinea

Most spoken in

Senegal, Mauritania, Guinea, Gambia

Native speakers

2,100,000

UNESCO Status

Definitely Endangered

Pulaar, a Fula language spoken in Senegal, often carries symbolic meanings tied to their traditional customs, Islamic practices, and the West African environment.

11

Punjabi

ਕਾਲਾ
ਚਿੱਟੇ
ਲਾਲ
ਪੀਲੇ
ਹਰੇ
ਨੀਲਾ
ਭੂਰਾ
ਸੰਤਰੀ
ਜਾਮਨੀ
ਗੁਲਾਬੀ
ਸਲੇਟੀ

Native to

India, Pakistan

Most spoken in

India, Pakistan

Native speakers

126,000,000

UNESCO Status

Safe

Punjabi, an Indo-Aryan language, is the most widely spoken language in Pakistan and the Indian state of Punjab. Color symbolism in Punjabi culture often reflects Sikh and Hindu practices, traditional customs, and the fertile landscapes of the Punjab region.

6

Páez

khũč
čihme
beh
lem
c̄ẽy
c̄ẽy

Native to

Colombia

Most spoken in

Colombia

Native speakers

30,000

UNESCO Status

Severely Endangered

Páez, or Nasa Yuwe, is a language spoken by the Páez people in Colombia. Colors in Páez culture often carry symbolic meanings tied to their indigenous traditions, spiritual beliefs, and Andean environment.

6

Qawesqar

semen
aḳyefḳyar
ḳyeyero
tˀel
arḳʰa
arḳʰa

Native to

Chile

Most spoken in

Chile

Native speakers

25

UNESCO Status

Critically Endangered

Qawesqar, an Alacalufan language spoken in Chile, often assigns symbolic meanings to colors reflecting their indigenous traditions, spiritual beliefs, and the environment of the Patagonian archipelago.

7

Quechua

yana
yuraq
puka
q’ellu
qomer
anqas
chumppi

Native to

Peru, Bolivia, Ecuador

Most spoken in

Peru, Bolivia, Ecuador, Colombia

Native speakers

8,376,000

UNESCO Status

Safe

Quechua, an indigenous language family spoken in the Andean region, often attributes symbolic meanings to colors reflecting their ancient Inca heritage, traditional practices, and Andean environment.

10

Rapa Nui

'uri-'uri
tea-tea
mea-mea
touamamari
ritomata
moana
'inika
pua toua
henga-henga
'eo-'eo

Native to

Chile

Most spoken in

Chile

Native speakers

2,800

UNESCO Status

Critically Endangered

Rapa Nui, an Eastern Polynesian language spoken on Easter Island, often assigns colors symbolic meanings reflecting their island environment, traditional customs, and societal norms.

6

Romani

kalo
parno
lolo
čuto
seleno
modro

Native to

Various countries

Most spoken in

Europe, Asia

Native speakers

3,500,000

UNESCO Status

Safe

Romani, an Indo-Aryan language spoken by the Romani people, often attributes symbolic meanings to colors reflecting their nomadic lifestyle, societal norms, and a blend of influences from across Europe and Asia.

11

Romanian

negru
alb
rosu
galben
verde
albastru
maro
portocaliu
violet
roz
gri

Native to

Romania

Most spoken in

Romania, Moldova, Ukraine

Native speakers

24,000,000

UNESCO Status

Safe

Romanian, a Romance language, is the official language of Romania and Moldova. The cultural significance of colors in Romanian society often reflects Orthodox Christian practices, traditional customs, and the diverse Eastern European environment.

11

Romansh

alaussa
alv
cotschen
mellen (m)
verd
blau
brin
oranscha
violet
rosa
grisch

Native to

Switzerland

Most spoken in

Switzerland, Italy

Native speakers

60,000

UNESCO Status

Severely Endangered

Romansh, a Romance language spoken in Switzerland, often assigns colors symbolic meanings reflecting their traditional customs, Christian practices, and the Swiss Alps' environment.

6

Rotokas

katokato
kaakaavo
turuevira
kese
kokovara
kuuva

Native to

Papua New Guinea

Most spoken in

Papua New Guinea

Native speakers

4,350

UNESCO Status

Critically Endangered

Rotokas, a North Bougainville language spoken in Papua New Guinea, often attributes colors symbolic meanings reflecting their traditional practices, societal norms, and the island's environment.

6

Roviana

muho
keoro
ziŋara
meava
buma
balairi

Native to

Solomon Islands

Most spoken in

Solomon Islands

Native speakers

5,000

UNESCO Status

Severely Endangered

Roviana, an Oceanic language spoken in the Solomon Islands, often carries symbolic meanings tied to their island environment, traditional customs, and societal norms.

13

Russian

чёрный
белый
красный
жёлтый
зелёный
синий
голубой
коричневый
оранжевый
лиловый
сиреневый
розовый
серый

Native to

Russia

Most spoken in

Russia, Belarus, Kazakhstan

Native speakers

155,000,000

UNESCO Status

Safe

Russian, an East Slavic language, is the most widely spoken Slavic language. Color symbolism in Russian culture often reflects Orthodox Christian practices, traditional customs, and the diverse landscapes across Russia.

6

Saanich

nəqʾix̣
pəʾ
nəkʷim
lələč
nəqʷey
qʷəyʾəlʾ

Native to

Canada

Most spoken in

Canada

Native speakers

1,135

UNESCO Status

Critically Endangered

Saanich, a Salishan language spoken in Canada, often assigns colors symbolic meanings reflecting their traditional practices, spiritual beliefs, and the Pacific Northwestern environment.

6

Salar

ɣara
ax
ɣyzil
sary
jäšil
ɣux

Native to

China

Most spoken in

China

Native speakers

60,000

UNESCO Status

Severely Endangered

Salar, a Turkic language spoken in China, often attributes symbolic meanings to colors reflecting their Islamic practices, traditional customs, and the rugged environment of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.

11

Sango

vukö
vurü
(tî) bengbä
kambîri
ngû-ngunzä
tutûu
bengbä
ndîmo
bordöo
rôze
mburuwâ

Native to

Central African Republic

Most spoken in

Central African Republic

Native speakers

6,000,000

UNESCO Status

Safe

Sango, a Creole language based on Ngbandi, is the national language of the Central African Republic. The cultural significance of colors in Sango society often mirrors their traditional customs, societal norms, and the Central African environment.

10

Sardinian

nigheddu
biancu
ruju
grogu
birde
blu
tabachìnu
aranzu
rosa
murru

Native to

Italy

Most spoken in

Italy

Native speakers

1,300,000

UNESCO Status

Definitely Endangered

Sardinian, a Romance language spoken in Italy, often assigns colors symbolic meanings reflecting their traditional customs, Christian practices, and the Mediterranean environment.

12

Scottish Gaelic

dubh
geal
dearg
rua
buidhe
uaine
gorm
donn
buidhe
purpaidh
pinc
liath

Native to

United Kingdom

Most spoken in

United Kingdom

Native speakers

57,000

UNESCO Status

Definitely Endangered

Scottish Gaelic, a Celtic language spoken in Scotland, often attributes symbolic meanings to colors reflecting their traditional practices, Christian beliefs, and the rugged landscapes of the Scottish Highlands.

6

Secoya

neakɔ
pohaˀikɔ
ma jaˀikɔ
sɨ̨ˀñohaˀikɔ
ñąhǫkɨˀyo
ñąhǫkɨˀyo

Native to

Ecuador

Most spoken in

Ecuador

Native speakers

650

UNESCO Status

Critically Endangered

Secoya, a Western Tucanoan language spoken in Ecuador and Peru, often carries symbolic meanings tied to their traditional customs, spiritual beliefs, and Amazonian environment.

6

Selkup

šʸæḳɨ
sər̃ɨ
nʸar̃ḳɨ
patɨlʸ
patɨlʸ
nor̃ælʸ

Native to

Russia

Most spoken in

Russia

Native speakers

1,570

UNESCO Status

Critically Endangered

Selkup, a Samoyedic language spoken in Russia, often assigns colors symbolic meanings reflecting their traditional practices, societal norms, and the Siberian environment.

5

Sepedi

so
tšhweu
hwibidu
sehla
tala

Native to

South Africa

Most spoken in

South Africa

Native speakers

4,200,000

UNESCO Status

Definitely Endangered

Sepedi, or Northern Sotho, is a Bantu language spoken in South Africa. The cultural significance of colors in Sepedi society often reflects traditional customs, societal norms, and the South African environment.

11

Serbian

Црно
Бело
Црвено
Жуто
Зелено
Плаво
Браон
Наранџасто
Љубичасто
Ружичасто
Сиво

Native to

Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina

Most spoken in

Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia

Native speakers

9,000,000

UNESCO Status

Safe

Serbian, a South Slavic language, is an official language in Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Kosovo. Color symbolism in Serbian culture often reflects Orthodox Christian practices, traditional customs, and the diverse Balkan environment.

6

Shipibo

čеʂ̌е
hoʂ̌o
hošín
panšín
šepa
yankón

Native to

Peru

Most spoken in

Peru

Native speakers

30,000

UNESCO Status

Severely Endangered

Shipibo, a Panoan language spoken in Peru, often attributes symbolic meanings to colors reflecting their indigenous traditions, spiritual beliefs, and Amazonian environment.

6

Shompen

kaʔing
kagijāu
kāteob
kaʔugão
kãʔoõi
komeniaŋ

Native to

India

Most spoken in

India

Native speakers

200

UNESCO Status

Critically Endangered

Shompen, spoken by the indigenous Shompen people on Great Nicobar Island in India, associates colors with natural elements of the island and their unique cultural practices.

6

Shoshoni

Duhu-
Dosa-
ai̱ŋabite
čapite
buhibite
ai̱behibite

Native to

United States

Most spoken in

United States

Native speakers

2,000

UNESCO Status

Critically Endangered

Shoshoni, a Numic language of the Uto-Aztecan family, links colors to the spiritual beliefs and the environment of the Great Basin area in the United States.

9

Sicilian

níuru
biancu
russu
giarnu
virdi
bru
arancia
pùrpura
lupu

Native to

Italy

Most spoken in

Italy

Native speakers

4,700,000

UNESCO Status

Definitely Endangered

Sicilian, a Romance language spoken in Sicily, often interprets colors in connection with traditional folklore, Mediterranean landscape, and Catholic practices.

11

Sinhala

කළු
සුදු
රතු
කහ
කොළ
නිල්
දුඹුරු
තැඹිලි
දම් (dham)
රෝස
අළු

Native to

Sri Lanka

Most spoken in

Sri Lanka

Native speakers

19,000,000

UNESCO Status

Safe

Sinhala, an Indo-Aryan language spoken by the Sinhalese people in Sri Lanka, relates colors to their Buddhist practices, traditional customs, and the island's rich biodiversity.

11

Slovak

čierna
biela
červená
žltá
zelená
modrá
hnedá
oranžová
fialová
ružová
šedá

Native to

Slovakia

Most spoken in

Slovakia, Czech Republic

Native speakers

5,400,000

UNESCO Status

Safe

Slovak, a West Slavic language spoken in Slovakia, gives colors meanings related to Christian traditions, folklore, and the landscapes of the Carpathian region.

11

Slovenian

črna
bela
rdeča
rumena
zelena
modra
rjava
oranžna
vijolična
roza
siva

Native to

Slovenia

Most spoken in

Slovenia, Austria, Italy, Hungary, Croatia

Native speakers

2,500,000

UNESCO Status

Definitely Endangered

Slovenian, a South Slavic language, connects colors with their diverse landscapes, traditions, and customs, and historical events from the Alpine region.

10

Somali

madow
cad
guduud
jaalle
cagaar
buluug
midab kafe leh
midab oranjo
carwaajiis
basali

Native to

Somalia

Most spoken in

Somalia, Ethiopia, Kenya

Native speakers

16,600,000

UNESCO Status

Safe

Somali, an Afro-Asiatic language spoken in Somalia, assigns colors cultural symbolism that reflects their Islamic practices, pastoralist lifestyle, and the Horn of Africa's arid environment.

6

Sorbian

čorny
běƚy
čerwjeny
žoƚty
zeleny
módry

Native to

Germany

Most spoken in

Germany

Native speakers

20,000

UNESCO Status

Severely Endangered

Sorbian, a West Slavic language spoken in Germany, often links colors to their rich folklore, Christian traditions, and the landscapes of Lusatia.

11

Spanish

negro
blanco
rojo
amarillo
verde
azul
moreno
naranja
púrpura
rosa
gris

Native to

Spain, Latin America

Most spoken in

Spain, Latin America, Equatorial Guinea

Native speakers

490,000,000

UNESCO Status

Safe

Spanish, a Romance language with worldwide influence, reflects a diverse range of color symbolism drawing from Christian traditions, historical events, and the varied environments of the Spanish-speaking world.

11

Sranan

blaka
weit
redi
geri
grun
blaw
broin
ólenisi
lila
lekti redi
kulei

Native to

Suriname

Most spoken in

Suriname

Native speakers

78,000

UNESCO Status

Severely Endangered

Sranan, an English-based creole language spoken in Suriname, associates colors with various elements of their multicultural traditions, tropical climate, and colonial history.

6

Sudovian

kirsnas
gailas
varmias
geltainas
zal’jas
gālimbias

Native to

Russia

Most spoken in

Russia

Native speakers

0

UNESCO Status

Extinct

Sudovian, an extinct Old Prussian language, likely associated colors with their historical and cultural practices as well as the environment of the Baltic region, although specific color symbolism is largely speculative due to lack of contemporary sources.

6

Suena

anai
gomu
disa
nozawai
buge
uwiwai

Native to

Papua New Guinea

Most spoken in

Papua New Guinea

Native speakers

1,500

UNESCO Status

Critically Endangered

Suena, spoken by the indigenous people in Papua New Guinea, relates colors to their traditional customs, societal norms, and the island's biodiversity.

6

Sulung

हिअेङकेलेङ्
आर-युङ्
आअि॔के॔रेअि
आसलुवा
आञाङ्
आपि

Native to

Nepal

Most spoken in

Nepal

Native speakers

1,600

UNESCO Status

Critically Endangered

Sulung, spoken in Arunachal Pradesh in India, often attributes colors to traditional beliefs, societal norms, and the varied environment of the Eastern Himalayas.

11

Swedish

svart
vit
röd
gul
grön
blå
brun
orange
violett
skär
grå

Native to

Sweden

Most spoken in

Sweden, Finland

Native speakers

10,200,000

UNESCO Status

Safe

Swedish, a North Germanic language, links colors to their Christian traditions, folklore, and the contrasting landscapes of Sweden from its southern agricultural plains to its northern arctic region.

6

Tajik

sioħ
safed
surx
zard
sabz
kabud

Native to

Tajikistan

Most spoken in

Tajikistan, Afghanistan

Native speakers

7,800,000

UNESCO Status

Safe

Tajik, a variety of Persian spoken in Tajikistan, often associates colors with Islamic practices, traditional customs, and the landscapes of Central Asia.

6

Talysh

sijo
sipi
gɪzɪl
zerd
havz
kavü

Native to

Azerbaijan

Most spoken in

Azerbaijan, Iran

Native speakers

900,000

UNESCO Status

Definitely Endangered

Talysh, an Iranian language spoken in Azerbaijan and Iran, often interprets colors in connection with traditional practices, Islamic beliefs, and the Caspian Sea's environments.

11

Tamil

கருப்பு
வெள்ளை
சிவப்பு
மஞ்சள்
பச்சை
நீலம்
கபிலம்
செம்மஞ்சள்
ஊதா
இளஞ்சிவப்பு
நரை நிறம்

Native to

India, Sri Lanka

Most spoken in

India, Sri Lanka, Singapore, Malaysia

Native speakers

84,000,000

UNESCO Status

Safe

Tamil, a Dravidian language, connects colors with their Hindu practices, Tamil traditions, and the landscapes of the Tamil-speaking regions.

6

Tarahumara

chócami
rosácami
lánami
sitácami
siyónami
siyonamí

Native to

Mexico

Most spoken in

Mexico

Native speakers

61,000

UNESCO Status

Severely Endangered

Tarahumara, a Uto-Aztecan language spoken in Mexico, associates colors with their indigenous practices, societal norms, and the rugged Sierra Madre landscapes.

9

Tat

сиегь
сипи
гъирмизи
зерд
савз
кову
норинж
беневшегьи
буз

Native to

Russia

Most spoken in

Russia

Native speakers

1,500

UNESCO Status

Critically Endangered

Tat, an Iranian language spoken in the Caucasus, often assigns colors cultural symbolism that reflects their Islamic practices, traditional customs, and the Caucasus mountain range's environment.

6

Tatar

кара
ак
кызыл
сары
яшел
күк

Native to

Russia

Most spoken in

Russia, Ukraine

Native speakers

5,500,000

UNESCO Status

Definitely Endangered

Tatar, a Turkic language spoken primarily in Russia’s Tatarstan Republic, often links colors to their Islamic practices, Turkic traditions, and the environment of the Volga-Ural region.

6

Tausug

ʔitum
putiʔ
pulah
bianiŋ
gadduŋ
gadduŋ

Native to

Philippines

Most spoken in

Philippines

Native speakers

1,600,000

UNESCO Status

Definitely Endangered

Tausug, an Austronesian language spoken in the Philippines, relates colors to their Islamic practices, maritime lifestyle, and the Sulu Archipelago's tropical environment.

6

Tehuelche

‘pˀol-
‘or-
‘ḳˀāpˀ-
‘wāytˀ-
‘xeštˀltˀe-
‘ḳaltˀ-

Native to

Argentina

Most spoken in

Argentina

Native speakers

200

UNESCO Status

Critically Endangered

Tehuelche, an extinct Chonan language once spoken in Patagonia, likely associated colors with their hunter-gatherer lifestyle and the Patagonian steppe, although specifics are mostly lost.

11

Telugu

నలుపు
తెలుపు
ఎరుపు
పచ్చ
పచ్చ
నీలము
పాల
నారింజ
త్సామనము
చంద్రకావి
మసర

Native to

India

Most spoken in

India

Native speakers

93,000,000

UNESCO Status

Safe

Telugu, a Dravidian language spoken in India, interprets colors in connection with Hindu practices, traditional customs, and the varied environments of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana.

6

Tetum

metan
mutin
mean
kinur
modok
azúl

Native to

East Timor

Most spoken in

East Timor

Native speakers

500,000

UNESCO Status

Definitely Endangered

Tetum, an Austronesian language spoken in East Timor, links colors to their Christian and animist beliefs, traditional customs, and the tropical landscapes of Timor.

11

Thai

สีดำ
สีขาว
สีแดง
สีเหลือง
สีเขียว
สีฟ้า
สีน้ำตาล
สีส้ม
สีม่วง
สีชมพู
สีเทา

Native to

Thailand

Most spoken in

Thailand, Myanmar, Cambodia

Native speakers

60,000,000

UNESCO Status

Safe

Thai, a Tai-Kadai language, assigns colors cultural symbolism that reflects their Buddhist practices, traditional Thai customs, and the rich biodiversity of Thailand.

10

Tibetan

ནག་པོ་
དཀར་པོ་
དམར་པོ་
སེར་པོ་
ལྗང་ཁུ་
སྔོན་པོ་
རྒྱ་སྨྱུག་
དམར་རསེ་
མུ་མན་
ཟིང་སྐྱ་

Native to

China, India

Most spoken in

China, India, Nepal, Bhutan

Native speakers

3,000,000

UNESCO Status

Definitely Endangered

Tibetan, a Sino-Tibetan language, often associates colors with their Buddhist practices, traditional customs, and the environment of the Tibetan Plateau.

9

Tigrinya

ጸሊም
ጻዕዳ
ቀይሕ
ቢጫ
ሓምላይ
ሰማያዊ
ལྗང་ཁུ
ལི་ཝང
མུ་མན

Native to

Eritrea, Ethiopia

Most spoken in

Eritrea, Ethiopia

Native speakers

7,000,000

UNESCO Status

Safe

Tigrinya, an Afro-Asiatic language spoken in Eritrea and Ethiopia, often gives colors meanings related to their Christian and Islamic practices, traditional customs, and the Horn of Africa's landscapes.

11

Tlingit

tˀooch’
dleit
x’aan
tl’aatl’
sˀoow
x̱’eishx̱’
s’agwáat
shéix̱’w
kanat’a heeni
lóol
lawúx̱

Native to

United States, Canada

Most spoken in

United States, Canada

Native speakers

350

UNESCO Status

Severely Endangered

Tlingit, a Na-Dené language spoken in Alaska, attributes colors to their indigenous practices, spiritual beliefs, and the environments of the Alaskan coastal region.

10

Tofa

қара
ақ
қызыл
сарығ
суғ-көк
ақ-көк
һүрең
ызыл-сарығ
қараңғы-көк
бора

Native to

Russia

Most spoken in

Russia

Native speakers

20

UNESCO Status

Critically Endangered

Tofa, a critically endangered Turkic language spoken in Siberia, links colors to their indigenous practices, spiritual beliefs, and the Siberian environment, although much of the language's traditional use is disappearing.

11

Tohono Oʼodham

s-cuk
s-toha
s-wegi
s-oam
s-ce:dagi
s-añi:lmagi
s-kubjuwi
s-nalasmagĭ
s-u:dwismagi
s-wegĭ
s-ko:magi

Native to

United States, Mexico

Most spoken in

United States, Mexico

Native speakers

13,000

UNESCO Status

Severely Endangered

Tohono O'odham, a Uto-Aztecan language spoken in the Southwestern United States and Mexico, often assigns colors symbolic meanings reflecting their indigenous traditions, spiritual beliefs, and desert environment.

11

Tok Pisin

blak
wait
ret
yelo
grin
blu
braun
orange
hap ret
pink
gre

Native to

Papua New Guinea

Most spoken in

Papua New Guinea

Native speakers

120,000

UNESCO Status

Vulnerable

Tok Pisin, an English-based creole language spoken in Papua New Guinea, associates colors with various elements of their multicultural traditions, colonial history, and the tropical island environment.

9

Tokelauan

lanu uliuli
lanu paepae
lanu kukula
lanu hehega
lanu meamata
lanumoana
lanu moli
lanu taefeke
lanu pigiki

Native to

Tokelau

Most spoken in

Tokelau

Native speakers

1,300

UNESCO Status

Definitely Endangered

Tokelauan, a Polynesian language spoken in Tokelau, often relates colors to their Polynesian traditions, societal norms, and the Pacific Island's environment.

11

Tongan

lanu ‘uli‘uli
lanu hinehina
lanu kulokula
lanu engeenga
lanu mata
lanu pulū
lanu melomelo
lanu moli
lanu vāleti
lanu pingikī
lanu tukumisi

Native to

Tonga

Most spoken in

Tonga, United States, Australia, New Zealand

Native speakers

160,000

UNESCO Status

Definitely Endangered

Tongan, a Polynesian language, often assigns colors cultural symbolism reflecting their Christian practices, traditional customs, and the tropical landscapes of Tonga.

6

Trinitario

-siso
-hopu
-lc̄ʸoro
-yokko
-heʔču
-ripu

Native to

Venezuela

Most spoken in

Venezuela

Native speakers

2,300

UNESCO Status

Critically Endangered

Trinitario, a Mosetenan language spoken in Bolivia, often interprets colors in connection with indigenous practices, societal norms, and the Bolivian lowland's environment.

6

Trumai

dat̯
tsi-tore
tsi-omat
tsi-aiixu
ure ure ue..
tsi-auu

Native to

Brazil

Most spoken in

Brazil

Native speakers

10

UNESCO Status

Critically Endangered

Trumai, an isolated language spoken in Brazil, gives colors meanings related to their indigenous practices, societal norms, and the Amazonian environment.

3

Tsimane’

tsincus
jaibes
jaines

Native to

Bolivia

Most spoken in

Bolivia, Brazil

Native speakers

9,400

UNESCO Status

Definitely Endangered

Tsimane', a Mosetenan language spoken in Bolivia, often associates colors with their traditional practices, spiritual beliefs, and the Amazon rainforest's environment.

5

Tsimshian

gaax
moks
masgmʔiɬee
maɬiitk
gwisgwaask

Native to

Canada, United States

Most spoken in

Canada, United States

Native speakers

2,500

UNESCO Status

Severely Endangered

Tsimshian, a Tsimshianic language spoken in Canada, often links colors to their indigenous practices, spiritual beliefs, and the Pacific Northwest coastal environment.

6

Tuki

hiítiti
puúm
orí ówó dekétíi
conáŋ
ecénécéné
burúm

Native to

Papua New Guinea

Most spoken in

Papua New Guinea

Native speakers

4,000

UNESCO Status

Critically Endangered

Tuki, spoken in Papua New Guinea, associates colors with their traditional customs, societal norms, and the island's biodiversity.

11

Turkish

siyah
beyaz
kırmızı
sarı
yeşil
mavi
kahve rengi
turuncu
mor
pembe
gri

Native to

Turkey

Most spoken in

Turkey, Cyprus, Germany, Bulgaria

Native speakers

83,000,000

UNESCO Status

Safe

Turkish, a Turkic language with considerable influence, assigns colors cultural symbolism reflecting their Islamic practices, traditional customs, and the varied landscapes of Turkey.

11

Turkmen

gara
ak
gyzyl
sary
ýaşyl
gök
goňur
narynç
benewşe
gülgün
çal

Native to

Turkmenistan

Most spoken in

Turkmenistan, Iran, Afghanistan

Native speakers

6,200,000

UNESCO Status

Safe

Turkmen, a Turkic language spoken in Turkmenistan, often interprets colors in connection with Islamic practices, traditional Turkmen customs, and the Central Asian steppes.

8

Tuvaluan

uli
kèna
kùla
sèga
lanu launiu
pulú
ólenisi
kulei

Native to

Tuvalu

Most spoken in

Tuvalu

Native speakers

11,000

UNESCO Status

Vulnerable

Tuvaluan, a Polynesian language spoken in Tuvalu, connects colors with their Polynesian traditions, societal norms, and the Pacific Island's environment.

6

Tuyuca

yî’̃
bu’ti
sõ’ã
sõ’ã
sɨ̃’bẽ
sɨ̃’bẽ

Native to

Brazil

Most spoken in

Brazil

Native speakers

1,000

UNESCO Status

Severely Endangered

Tuyuca, a Tucanoan language spoken in Colombia and Brazil, often attributes colors to their traditional practices, societal norms, and the Amazon rainforest's environment.

12

Udmurt

сьӧд
тӧдьы
горд
ӵуж
вож
лыз
чагыр
курень
нап-ӵуж
бусӥр
лемлет
пурысь

Native to

Russia

Most spoken in

Russia

Native speakers

550,000

UNESCO Status

Safe

Udmurt, a Uralic language spoken in Russia, often links colors to their indigenous practices, societal norms, and the forest-steppe environment of Udmurtia.

11

Ukrainian

чорний
бiлий
червоний
жовтий
зелений
синiй
коричневий
помаранчевий
бузковий
рожевий
сірий

Native to

Ukraine

Most spoken in

Ukraine, Poland, Russia, Belarus

Native speakers

37,000,000

UNESCO Status

Definitely Endangered

Ukrainian, an East Slavic language, often gives color meanings associated with their Orthodox Christian practices, traditional customs, and the varied environments of Ukraine.

11

Urdu

كالا
سفيد
سرخ
پیلا
هرا
نيلا
بھورا
مالٹا
جامنی
گلابى
سلیٹی

Native to

Pakistan, India

Most spoken in

Pakistan, India, United Kingdom

Native speakers

70,000,000

UNESCO Status

Safe

Urdu, an Indo-Aryan language spoken primarily in Pakistan, assigns colors cultural symbolism reflective of their Islamic practices, traditional customs, and the diverse landscapes of South Asia.

11

Uyghur

قارا
ئاق
قىزىل
سېرىق
يېشىل
كۆك
قوڭۇر
ماندارىن
سۆسۈن
ھال
كۈل

Native to

China

Most spoken in

China, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkey

Native speakers

13,000,000

UNESCO Status

Definitely Endangered

Uyghur, a Turkic language spoken in China, interprets colors in connection with Islamic practices, traditional Uyghur customs, and the arid environments of Xinjiang.

11

Uzbek

қора
оқ
қизил
сариқ
яшил
кўк
гўлос
тўқ сариқ
бинафша ранг
қизғиш
кул ранг

Native to

Uzbekistan

Most spoken in

Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kazakhstan

Native speakers

32,000,000

UNESCO Status

Safe

Uzbek, a Turkic language spoken in Uzbekistan, often relates colors to their Islamic practices, traditional customs, and the desert-steppe environment.

10

Venda

mutswu
mutshena
mutswuku
ṱaḓa
mudala
lutombo
burawenu
swiri
pinki
museṱha

Native to

South Africa

Most spoken in

South Africa, Zimbabwe

Native speakers

1,200,000

UNESCO Status

Definitely Endangered

Venda, a Bantu language spoken in South Africa, incorporates color symbolism in line with their traditional practices, societal norms, and the South African landscapes.

10

Veps

must
vauged
pakuine
keld
viher
sinine
bur
oranž
ruza
hahk

Native to

Russia

Most spoken in

Russia, Estonia, Finland

Native speakers

1,300

UNESCO Status

Critically Endangered

Veps, a Finno-Ugric language spoken in Russia, associates colors with their indigenous practices, societal norms, and the Northern European environment.

10

Vietnamese

𪓇
𤽸
𧹼
𩹩
𧹿

Native to

Vietnam

Most spoken in

Vietnam, United States, Australia, France

Native speakers

90,000,000

UNESCO Status

Safe

Vietnamese, an Austroasiatic language, assigns colors cultural symbolism that reflects their Buddhist and Confucian practices, traditional customs, and the varied landscapes of Vietnam.

11

Võro

must
valgõ
verrev
kõllanõ
rohilinõ
sinine
pruuń
pihlõnõ
lilla
roosa
hahk

Native to

Estonia

Most spoken in

Estonia

Native speakers

70,000

UNESCO Status

Definitely Endangered

Võro, a Finnic language spoken in Estonia, interprets colors with respect to traditional practices, societal norms, and the landscapes of southern Estonia.

8

Võrumaa

mussõ
valka
puna
kõltõ
viher
sini
ruska
aakha

Native to

Russia

Most spoken in

Russia

Native speakers

10

UNESCO Status

Critically Endangered

Võrumaa, a variety of Võro spoken in Estonia, links colors to their traditional customs, societal norms, and the specific environment of the Võru County.

6

Wai Wai

či-čwi-ye
tu-mut-we
ču-ču-re
tɨ-šewe-ke
tu-škukuyure
ti-swa-y

Native to

Guyana

Most spoken in

Guyana

Native speakers

3,000

UNESCO Status

Severely Endangered

Wai Wai, a Carib language spoken in Guyana and Brazil, often gives colors meanings related to their indigenous practices, societal norms, and the Amazon rainforest's environment.

6

Waorani

b̶ɩ̨ntamų
nąmæ̨nta
opatawæ̨
itækad’æ̨
mįntad’æ̨
mįntad’æ̨

Native to

Ecuador

Most spoken in

Ecuador, Peru

Native speakers

2,000

UNESCO Status

Critically Endangered

Waorani, a language of the Amazon basin, associates colors with their traditional customs, spiritual beliefs, and the rainforest environment.

6

Wapishana

pʰudidi-ʔu
ʾbarakʰa-ʔu
wɨẓa-ʔu
kʰidau-ʔu
kʰuʔuri-ʔu
kʰuʔuri-ʔu

Native to

Guyana

Most spoken in

Guyana

Native speakers

11,000

UNESCO Status

Definitely Endangered

Wapishana, an Arawakan language spoken in Guyana and Brazil, connects colors with their indigenous practices, societal norms, and the tropical environment.

5

Wayampi

piyũ
pilã
tawa
sɔ̃wĩ

Native to

Brazil, French Guiana

Most spoken in

Brazil, French Guiana

Native speakers

700

UNESCO Status

Critically Endangered

Wayampi, a Tupian language spoken in French Guiana and Brazil, attributes colors to their indigenous practices, societal norms, and the Amazon rainforest's environment.

11

Welsh

du
gwyn (m)
coch
melyn
gwyrdd
glas
brown
oren
porffor
pinc
llwyd

Native to

Wales

Most spoken in

Wales, United Kingdom

Native speakers

562,000

UNESCO Status

Definitely Endangered

Welsh, a Celtic language spoken in Wales, often gives colors meanings related to their Christian practices, traditional Welsh customs, and the landscapes of Wales.

6

Witoto

hitɨre
userede
edoroide
borare
mokorede
hiduirede

Native to

Colombia

Most spoken in

Colombia

Native speakers

400

UNESCO Status

Severely Endangered

Witoto, a language spoken in the Amazon rainforest, interprets colors with respect to their indigenous practices, societal norms, and the rich biodiversity of the region.

9

Wolof

ñuul
weex
xonk
mboq
wert
baxa
sokala
suraas
pos

Native to

Senegal

Most spoken in

Senegal, Gambia, Mauritania, France

Native speakers

11,000,000

UNESCO Status

Safe

Wolof, a Niger-Congo language spoken in Senegal, assigns colors cultural symbolism reflecting their Islamic practices, societal norms, and the Sahelian landscapes.

11

Xhosa

mnyama
mhlophe
bomvu
lebhelu
luhlaza
luhlaza
ntsundu
orenji
mfusa
pinki
ngwevu

Native to

South Africa

Most spoken in

South Africa, Lesotho

Native speakers

8,100,000

UNESCO Status

Definitely Endangered

Xhosa, a Bantu language spoken in South Africa, often links colors to their Christian practices, traditional customs, and the varied South African landscapes.

6

Yakut

xara
ürüŋ
kɪhɪl
araɣas
küöx
küöx

Native to

Russia

Most spoken in

Russia

Native speakers

450,000

UNESCO Status

Safe

Yakut, a Turkic language spoken in Russia, often associates colors with their indigenous practices, societal norms, and the harsh environment of Siberia.

7

Yapese

kool
weachweach
rowrow
magchol
galunglung
raen e mak'ef
reng

Native to

Micronesia

Most spoken in

Micronesia, United States

Native speakers

3,300

UNESCO Status

Severely Endangered

Yapese, an Austronesian language spoken in the Federated States of Micronesia, interprets colors in line with traditional customs, societal norms, and the vibrant coral reefs and tropical forests of Yap.

6

Yaruro

burɛ-burɛ-a
bɛrɛ-bɛrɛ-a
koɛ-koɛ-a
koɛ-koɛ-a
čʰã-čʰã
tɔ-tɔ-a

Native to

Venezuela

Most spoken in

Venezuela

Native speakers

10

UNESCO Status

Critically Endangered

Yaruro, a language spoken in Venezuela, often connects colors with their indigenous practices, societal norms, and the Orinoco River's environment.

11

Yiddish

שוואַרץ
ווײַס
רויט
געל
גרין
בלאָ
ברוין
מאַראַנץ
לילאַ
ראָז
גרוי

Native to

Israel

Most spoken in

Israel, United States, Canada, Europe, Poland

Native speakers

1,500,000

UNESCO Status

Definitely Endangered

Yiddish, a High German-derived language, often gives colors meanings related to their Jewish practices, traditional customs, and the various landscapes of Eastern Europe.

11

Yoruba

dúdú
funfun
pupa
ìyèyè
àwö ewéko
àwö sánmà
àwö ara
àwọ omi ọsàn
àwö elésè àlùkò pọpù
pupa fêêrê
àwö eléérú

Native to

Nigeria, Benin

Most spoken in

Nigeria, Benin, Togo

Native speakers

28,000,000

UNESCO Status

Safe

Yoruba, a Niger-Congo language spoken in Nigeria, assigns colors cultural symbolism reflecting their Yoruba religious practices, traditional customs, and the varied environments of West Africa.

7

Yucatec Maya

boox
saak
chak
k'an
yax
chukwa
chakpose'en

Native to

Mexico, Belize, Guatemala

Most spoken in

Mexico, Belize, Guatemala, United States

Native speakers

750,000

UNESCO Status

Definitely Endangered

Yucatec Maya, a Mayan language spoken in Mexico, often links colors to their Mayan practices, societal norms, and the Yucatán Peninsula's environment.

6

Yuwana

waleiʰte
kʸabo
tuwẽlõ
tuwẽlõ
lũʰtibo
lũʰtibo

Native to

Brazil

Most spoken in

Brazil

Native speakers

220

UNESCO Status

Critically Endangered

Yuwana, an indigenous language spoken in Australia, often associates colors with their traditional practices, societal norms, and the arid landscapes of Western Australia.

6

Zapotec Yatz.

gasʁ
šyiš
ʐ̌ṉa
gašə
gaˀ
asul

Native to

Mexico

Most spoken in

Mexico

Native speakers

1,220

UNESCO Status

Critically Endangered

Zapotec, a group of languages spoken in Mexico, often gives colors meanings related to their indigenous practices, societal norms, and the varied landscapes of Oaxaca.

11

Zhuang

naem
hau
ding
henj
heu
lamz
coeng
cangq
ouj
faenj hoengz
douh

Native to

China

Most spoken in

China

Native speakers

16,000,000

UNESCO Status

Safe

Zhuang, a Tai language spoken in China, interprets colors in connection with traditional customs, societal norms, and the karst landscapes of Guangxi.

10

Zulu

omnyama
mhlope
bomvu
liphuzi
luhlaza
luhlaza
mfusi
nsundu
nsundwana
mpunga

Native to

South Africa

Most spoken in

South Africa, Zimbabwe, Eswatini

Native speakers

12,000,000

UNESCO Status

Safe

Zulu, a Bantu language spoken in South Africa, interprets colors in connection with their traditional customs, societal norms, and the diverse landscapes of South Africa.

6

Zuñi

kˀʷi
kˀoha-
šilowa-
ɬupc̄ˀi-
ʔašena
ɬiʔʔa

Native to

United States

Most spoken in

United States

Native speakers

9,500

UNESCO Status

Critically Endangered

Zuñi, an indigenous language spoken in the southwestern United States, links colors to their indigenous practices, societal norms, and the Southwestern desert environment.

A color term is a word or phrase that refers to a specific color. The color term may refer to human perception of that color which is usually defined according to the Munsell color system, or to an underlying physical property, But color terms did not come out of nowhere. Color terms are a concept, in fact they are a grouping of color shades into a word.

Basic color terms have to meet the following criteria:

  • It is agreed upon by speakers of that language.
  • It is monolexemic ('green', but not 'light green' or 'forest green').
  • It is frequently mentioned by speakers of that language.

Each language develops its own habits of perception from within its culture. Almost no languages are the same in terms of the perception of color and language, and even if there is in appearance - in practice it is far from the truth.

According to history and the study of linguistics, all languages originate from the same place. There is a process that a language goes through in order to reach a language saturated with terms. All languages have terms for black and white, but these were not attributed to the colors we know today as black and white, but were attributed to two groups - light and dark or hot and cold.

Basically, we can sum up the entire color scale we are familiar with from a linguistic point of view in black and white. It is an entirely logical division and it is how the human eye perceives colors regardless of whether we like it or not.

The basic color terms

As a language develops and invents more and more focused terms for each subject, it begins to distinguish one type of object from another and the same with colors.

According to a study by Paul Kay and Brent Berlin, there is a clear process that every language goes through and of course there is an exception, but one thing that can be agreed upon is that all languages have black and white terms.

The context for this project is the classic theoretical analysis of cross-cultural differences in color categories by Berlin and Kay (1969). On the basis of their study of 98 world languages, these authors advanced two conjectures about the differences they observed. Their first conjecture was that there is a limited set of basic color terms (BCTs) in most languages, which are distinct from other color terms that an individual might use to name colors.

According to their research, The authors theorize that as languages evolve, they acquire new basic color terms in a strict chronological sequence; if a basic color term is found in a language, then the colors of all earlier stages should also be present.

Color terminology evolution

The basic conclusion of the Berlin and Kay study is that the lack of randomness of color terms over the studied languages suggested a series of evolutionary stages in the development of color words.

Berlin and Kay suggest that there were seven stages in the development of color terms and that these stages followed an exact chronological order. They based this conclusion on the restrictions they uncovered showing languages fell into seven groupings. These stages are evolutionary in the authors’ view with Stage I languages having only colors for “black” and “white.” As languages progress up the ladder of evolution, they gain more color words eventually reaching Stage VII, which has eight or more basic color words.

Evolution of color terms
  • Stage I – In the first stage of evolution, the language has two terms for dark and white plus words for dark and white hues.
  • Stage II – The second stage involves the adoption of red to include all colors within the range of red and orange along with most yellows, browns, pinks and purples.rms, the third is red.
  • Stage III – The terms for black and white shrink in the scope of colors they represent. In addition to the color red, there is now either a color term for green or yellow. Green terms usually include the English terms for yellow-green, green, blue, blue-green and blue-purple. Yellow will include yellows, tans, and light browns.
  • Stage IV – In the fourth stage, there is a clear division between yellow and green. Green will include most blue colors while red will cover reds along with purple, and some yellow-reds and purple-reds.
  • Stage V – In Stage V, black and white cover a smaller range of hues, and the color blue becomes distinguishable from green.
  • Stage VI – In this stage, a term for the color brown emerges. The authors suggest that the colors purple and pin generally come from the red color although in some cases evidence points to origin from the color black.
  • Stage VII – At the seventh stage, the language develops terms for eight basic colors. Most languages in this category have terms for all eleven basic colors.

How they carried out their study

Berlin and Kay used a standardized procedure developed by Munsell Color Company for their color term research. The Munsell test consisted of 329-color chip set mounted on a board. The researchers used the color chip set to question informants about color terms in their language.

Native speakers came from a diverse set of languages to decrease the possibility of borrowed color terminology. The languages used were:

  • Lebanese Arabic
  • Bulgarian (Bulgaria)
  • Catalan (Spain)
  • Cantonese (China)
  • American English
  • Hebrew (Israel)
  • Hungarian (Hungary)
  • Ibibio (Nigeria)
  • Indonesian (Indonesia)
  • Japanese (Japan)
  • Korean (Korea)
  • Mandarin (China)
  • Pomo (California)
  • Spanish (Mexico)
  • Swahili (East Africa)
  • Tagalog (Philippines)
  • Thai (Thailand)
  • Tzeltal (Mexico)
  • Urdu (India)
  • Vietnamese (Vietnam)

All the informants were bilingual or multilingual speakers living in the San Francisco Bay Area at the time of the study. Additionally, other languages without native speakers included in the study brought the total sample to 98 languages.

Influence

While Berlin and Kay’s book had and continues to have significant influence, it has also encountered criticism from many corners and even from the authors themselves in their later work.

Most researchers question the order of the stages and many have found faults in the study’s methodology. In many languages, for example, speakers can signify differences in color, not by separate terms, but by variations in syntax, morphology, tone and inflection.

According to my study "Color Terms of the Globe," there are some exceptions, and Berlin & Kay's system is not as consistent as they claimed. Although the majority of languages follow their evolution "rules" as far as I've seen, there are some exceptions.

All people see colors, of course; some with disabilities see less accurate shades, but in general, all cultures and people see the same colors. What differs between languages is the perception and significance of each color.

As part of my research, I found 000 different languages to test Berlin and Kay's theory. Each language had its own color terms, resulting in 0000 color terms overall. The results of the study showed that the number of color terms varies significantly among languages.

Color terms distribution

Some cultures didn't need to "name" some shades with specific terms because they didn't consider them more important than others. But in almost all cases, the sequence of color terms was the same: at first, names were given to the basic terms, and then the more complex color terms developed, which are actually color shades of the basic terms: red: pink, yellow: orange, etc.

Interesting cases include two color terms: light blue and grue. Light blue is considered an important basic term in several languages, and in others it is nothing more than an insignificant shade that does not need to be named. Grue, on the other hand, is an interesting term. Grue is a color term that refers to two different colors and not the shades of the same color; it is a union of green and blue, and surprisingly, it is common in both small and large languages.

In addition, there are centuries-old languages ​​that did not feel the need to invent color terms at all or beyond black and white. This shows that color terms are not universal, and they are not necessary for communication.

Grue

Grue is a combination of Blue and Green, and it is being used by languages that don't distinguish between both colors.One could consider it a "developmental delay". However, languages with "Grue" are functional, and their speakers understand the difference in usage depending on the context. For example, if I say "Grue sky" (as if in our language we have the color grue), it is immediately translated to a bluish color in our mind, but if I say "grue leaf", it will have the meaning of green.

  • In Chinese, the character (qīng) has a meaning that covers both blue and green.

    But modern Chinese language has the blue–green distinction (藍 for blue and 綠 for green)

  • In Vietnamese, the character (xanh) has a meaning that covers both blue and green.

    In modern usage, blue and green are dislexified. Shades of blue are specifically described as xanh da trời (blue skin of sky). Green is described as xanh lá cây (green of leaves).

  • In Cornish, Breton, and Welsh, glas is usually translated as blue; however, it can also refer, variously, to  shades of blue and green as well.

    Glas could refer to certain shades of green and gray as well as blue, Modern Welsh is trending toward the 11-color Western scheme, restricting glas to blue and using gwyrdd for green.

  • In Lakota, the word tȟó has a meaning that covers both blue and green.

light-blue

Throughout history, the color blue has gained popularity in different cultures. If it is in traditional costumes, flags, and ceremonies, the blue color has become central and optimistic. Today, there is no broad distinction between the shades of the color blue, but a term that is beginning to gain momentum is light blue. Different cultures began to separate the shades of blue into blue and light blue, and there are also smaller cultures that also distinguish dark blue in addition, but this is extremely rare and controversial.

  • In Russian, there are two different terms for the color blue - голубой and синий.

    Among Russian speakers, there is no broad agreement regarding the meaning of blue color terms, and some claim that синий is attributed to dark blue, and there is no defined term for blue.

  • In Hebrew, there are two different terms for the color blue - תכלת and כחול.

    In Judaism, תכלת is a very important and symbolic color. In Hebrew the word תכלת is also used to describe the sky.

  • In Greek, there are two different terms for the color blue - γαλάζιο and μπλε.

  • In Italian, there are two different terms for the color blue - azzurro and blu.

Cultures that have added the term light blue to their language lexicon treat it as a completely separate color, just like orange and yellow. In addition, studies have shown that speakers of languages that distinguish between shades of blue using different color terms can identify more shades of blue in their environment and distinguish between them more easily.

Red

Red is the third term created in language development, right after black and white. Red is the first basic color that a person sees when he is born (blood); therefore, it takes on a high meaning and symbolizes life and naturalness. The color red was very common in the world until the 18th century in culture, art, and clothing, and therefore occupied a very wide place in all cultures. In the 18th century, the color blue was "invented" through means related to textiles and painting and took the place of red in many cultures.

  • In Hungarian, there are two different terms for the color red - piros and vörös.

  • In Scottish and Irish, there are two different terms for the color red - dearg and rua.

Different languages attach different meanings to red, and those that have different terms for its shades often use them to separate artificial red from natural red.

Black and white

According to Berlin and Kay, there are a number of cultures that remain in the first stage of color terms development. Stage I contains two terms, white and black (light and dark); these terms are used broadly to describe other undefined color terms. At the beginning of color terms development, there is a reference to two categories: light and dark. This is actually how we perceive the world; these are the most basic categories of our color perception. As soon as we feel the need to call a shade of color by a specific name, the term color is created. For some languages, this step is not essential, and they can use adjectives for both categories and express themselves accordingly.

  • In Bassa, there are only two terms for classifying colors - hwúe and zĩ-zã.

    zĩ-zã use to describe - white, yellow, orange and red, and hwúe for - black, violet, blue, and green.

  • In Pirahã, there appear to be no color terms beyond describing lightness and darkness.

    The Pirahã language does not have specific color terms and they only use an abstract or visual description to describe colors.

  • In Baliem Valley, there are only two terms for classifying color - mili and mola.

    mili use to describe cool/dark shades such as blue, green, and black; and mola for warm/light colors such as red, yellow, and white.

Cultures without specific color terms see the same colors that cultures with lots of color terms see. Everything is a matter of importance in the eyes of the speakers of the language, if there is no need and use of extensive color terms there is no reason to invent such.

Extra colors

Various cultures around the world use more than 11 and even 12 basic color terms.This issue is more complex since there is a fine line between a color term and a word describing a color. Languages such as Navajo have a precise formula for saying colors. Each color is actually a specific term with the help of a prefix and a suffix, so where does the line draw? Shades of brown or shades of yellow are color terms? If all speakers of the language agree on it and understand the speaker's intention, then yes.

While some will say the basic color terms are all that matter and all the rest are popular words such as lilac and violet, few are aware that "pink" in English also comes from the name of a flower and slowly became common and became a specific color.We don't know where the language of color will develop and how many more words and shades will reach us, or if we have exhausted the entire verbal spectrum and finished?

Language is something that develops in a linear way. All languages developed in almost exactly the same way, no matter where in the world they came from geographically and culturally.

A language can survive with a few color terms and with a lot as well. That is why languages like Pirahã that consist of only two color terms can exist and be usable by speakers of the language just like English or any language with extra color terms.

As long as the lexicon is used correctly, and shades are associated correctly, the amount of variance does not matter, as in the case of the color "Grue" - a union of two colors is not a union, one could consider it a "developmental delay", however languages with "Grue" are functional and their speakers understand the difference in usage depending on the context.

Evolution of language is undoubtedly an interesting matter. The development of the human eye to distinguish between shades and call them by specific names only shows the development of the human intellectual over time.

I wonder if in a few hundred years there will be more color terms?

Not far-fetched.

The Color Terms of the Globe project maps and documents color terms in more than 300 languages around the world. It provides an interactive insight into how different cultures perceive and interpret color and highlights the different uses of color terms. The project was created to explore how color terms are used and understood across different cultures, and to offer a platform for people to learn about the ways in which different cultures perceive color. The interactive visualizations provide a unique insight into how color terms are used in different languages, and how they influence the way we think about color.

  1. INDEX OF 000 SPOKEN LANGUAGES
  2. 0000 COLOR TERMS
  3. A COLOR TERM IS A WORD OR PHRASE THAT REFERS TO A SPECIFIC COLOR
Ivory Coast
Zimbabwe
Vietnam
Yemen
New Zealand
Zambia
Worldwide
Wales
Venezuela
Uzbekistan
United States
Ukraine
Uganda
Turkmenistan
Tuvalu
Turkey
Togo
Tonga
Tokelau
Thailand
Tajikistan
Taiwan
Syria
Switzerland
Sweden
Suriname
Spain
Sudan
Slovenia
South Africa
Senegal
Somalia
Solomon
Slovakia
Singapore
Sierra Leone
Serbia
San Marino
Poland
Romania
Russia
Portugal
Papua New Guinea
Philippines
Peru
Oman
Paraguay
Palau
Panama
Pakistan
Norway
Northern
Nigeria
North
Nicaragua
Niger
Namibia
Netherlands
Nepal
Mozambique
Myanmar
Mongolia
Moldova
Micronesia
Mexico
Mayotte
Mauritius
Maldives
Mauritania
Mariana
Malta
Malaysia
Madagascar
Luxembourg
Lithuania
Libya
Liberia
Lesotho
Latvia
Korea
Latin America
Laos
Sri Lanka
Kenya
Kazakhstan
Kosovo
Kiribati
Kingdom
Jersey
Japan
Italy
Isle of Man
Iraq
Israel
Ireland
Iran
Indonesia
India
Iceland
Honduras